Mystery of capitalism

In the book ‘the secret of free enterprise: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else† Hernando De Soto, the Peruvian financial expert presents a nitty gritty investigation of a few nations and their inability to profit by private enterprise. It is critical to make reference to here that while most financial specialists comprehend that land is as significant a factor of creation as fluid capital still many have neglected to comprehend the criticalness of property and property rights with regards to the achievement of a specific monetary framework. The center reason for composing this book is to respond to the inquiry that the writer has presented in the absolute first part: â€Å"But if individuals in nations making the change to private enterprise are not desolate poor people, are not weakly caught in out of date ways, and are not the uncritical detainees of useless societies, would could it be that keeps free enterprise from conveying to them a similar riches it has conveyed toward the West? For what reason does private enterprise flourish just in the West, as though encased in a chime jar?† While we know about the way that land itself is significant, we infrequently ever dive further into this subject to discover how property and its legitimate rights can assume an imperative job in the achievement or disappointment of a monetary framework. This is the place Hernando De Soto stepped in and has offered an itemized investigation of property and its legitimate title in different poor nations regarding private enterprise in those territories. The primary motivation behind this book is to represent the reasons why private enterprise has bombed in poor nations and why just the created nations in the West have had the option to profit by this framework however the book cautiously overlooks the reasons which different financial experts have referenced regularly and just spotlights on property and its job in the monetary framework. The creator keeps up that disappointment of this framework in poor nations is a reason for concern for the creating nations as well as for the West. â€Å"In the business network of the West, there is a developing worry that the disappointment of the vast majority of the remainder of the world to execute private enterprise will in the end drive the rich economies into downturn. As a large number of speculators have horrendously gained from the dissipation of their developing business sector reserves, globalization is a two-way road: If the Third World and previous socialist countries can't get away from the impact of the West, neither can the West unravel itself from them. Antagonistic responses to private enterprise have likewise been becoming more grounded inside rich nations themselves.† It is obvious from his book that the most significant motivation behind why private enterprise has neglected to impact poor people nations is a result of the troubles engaged with getting legitimate title to property that poor areas of the general public hold. The western nations neglect to comprehend that private enterprise isn't actually about development of Internet or globalization, it is basically worried about development of capital. It is critical to make reference to here that DE SOTO accepts that property isn't significant simply because it gives security and a spot to stay in, however its noteworthiness lies in he truth that it is a benefit, the issue with poor nations is that while an enormous area of the general public has this advantage, a large number of them don't have legitimate rights to those parcels. Because of which they can't utilize this land for some other reason with the exception of settlement. â€Å"Most of the poor as of now have the advantages they have to make an accomplishment of free enterprise. Yet, they hold these assets in faulty structures. †¦ They do not have the procedure to speak to their property and make capital. They have houses, yet not titles. It is the portrayal of benefits in legitimate property records that enables them to make surplus value.† We have to comprehend that property is a fixed resource and it very well may be utilized for a few different purposes including insurance. Be that as it may, since the poor segments of the general public don't have legitimate title to the land parcel they hold, they can't utilize it as a wellspring of capital, which is the motivation behind why just western nations have, had the option to profit by entrepreneur arrangement of economy. He is of the view that each individual in little creating nations have massive ability to mint cash and take part in business exercises effectively yet the issue is that since they are not fit for turning out to be lawful proprietors of the property that they in any case own informally, their entrance to funds is likewise constrained. The writer has additionally painstakingly considered the perspectives and hypotheses of different business analysts from Adam Smith to Karl Marx so as to cause the perusers to comprehend why capital assumes a fundamental job in industrialist arrangement of economy and why property is the foundation of this framework. The creator has likewise centered around the disappointment of socialism and afterward manufactures a solid case regarding disappointment of private enterprise in creating nations. â€Å"Marx said that you expected to go past material science to contact â€Å"the hen that lays the brilliant eggs†; Adam Smith felt you needed to make â€Å"a kind of cart path through the air† to arrive at that equivalent hen. Be that as it may, nobody has revealed to us where the hen hides.† There is another idea of ‘dead capital’ introduced in this book. Hernando De Soto is of the view that the benefits which can't be utilized instead of capital turns out to be dead capital as it has no other incentive than the one reason for which it was initially claimed. He presents the case of some poor urban communities including Cairo, Lima, Manila, Mexico City and Porto Prince and shows how these urban communities are experiencing bottomless dead capital. For instance in Cairo, the city has dead capital worth $ 241.4 billion, which is multiple times more than the complete estimation of every single sparing store in Egyptian banks. The nation itself is accordingly experiencing its dead resources since they can't be utilized as capital and in this manner the monetary framework has neglected to receive rewards of private enterprise. This carries us to another significant inquiry. Why don’t individuals who informally own a real estate parcel attempt to increase lawful rights to their property? It is a significant inquiry in light of the fact that the response to it likewise features the grim presentation of different monetary and authoritative units of creating nations. There are such a significant number of troubles engaged with sanctioning a bit of property and normally the procedure takes such a long time that most needy individuals basically try not to get lawful rights. For instance in Egypt it takes somewhere in the range of 31 organizations and 5-14 years to lawfully possess a real estate parcel and near 77 stages are engaged with this procedure. De Soto has investigated the circumstance that has reliably smothered Third World nations. He contends that individuals in these nations are continually being abused in light of the fact that they need information about legitimate rights to property and their administrations neglect to offer sufficient assistance. Karl Marx initially examined the capacity of property or its job in the improvement of countries in detail and De Soto perceives his commitment. He contends that when property is legitimately remembered, it is at exactly that point that destitute individuals can utilize it in the manner that would be beneficial and rewarding. Without legitimate rights to a bit of property, its occupation goes to no creation use. De Soto keeps up that property rights don't just encourage lawful and beneficial utilization of land, they additionally offer host of different advantages, for example, making an awareness of other's expectations, greater responsibility from residents, all the more politically mindful individuals and so forth. The most significant exercise of the book is the subject of extra-legitimateness. This alludes to the division of unlawful property that has made extra-legal approaches to pick up and use property. It was expelled from West in the nineteenth century yet at the same time torment underdeveloped nations. De Soto composes: â€Å"†¦ The explanation free enterprise has triumphed in the West and faltered in the rest of the world is on the grounds that the majority of the advantages in Western countries have been incorporated into one formal illustrative system.† (p. 52) clarifying the manner in which West disposed of extra-lawfulness, De Soto further includes that, â€Å"This incorporation didn't occur coolly. Over decades in the nineteenth century, lawmakers, administrators, and judges arranged the dispersed realities and decides that administer property all through urban areas, towns, structures, and cultivates and coordinated them into one framework. This â€Å"pulling together† of property portrayals, a progressive crossroads throughout the entire existence of created countries, saved all the data and rules administering the collected abundance of their residents into one information base. Prior to that second, data about resources was far less available. †¦For information to be utilitarian, propelled countries need to coordinate into one extensive framework all their free and disengaged information about property. Creating and previous socialist countries have not done this†¦.It was this â€Å"revolutionary† advancement in the nineteenth century that started the Industrial Revolution the monetary advancement that is the sign of Western society.† (p. 52) De Soto advises his perusers that in the West during the nineteenth century, the private property laws were acquainted with tackle the issue of extra-legitimateness. This prompted an industrialist upheaval in these pieces of the world and prompted huge financial development. We have to comprehend that De Soto has discovered a nearby association between coordination of frameworks and arranged laws. He contends: It might astound the Western peruser that the vast majority of the world's countries presently can't seem to incorporate untouchable property understandings into one formal legitimate framework. For Westerners, there probably is just a single law †the official one. However the West's dependence on incorporated property frameworks is a marvel of all things considered the last 200 years. In most Western nations, coordinated property frameworks showed up just around one hundred years prior; Japan's joining happened minimal over fifty years back. As we will find in detail later, plunge

The Essentials of Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Essentials of Marketing Mix - Essay Example In this way, the advertising blend for every one of these item classifications likewise should be unique. It appears that advertisers utilize changed promoting blend systems in any event, for merchandise under a similar item class. This paper will break down the showcasing blend systems of two existing brands that advertise extravagance products. Hypothetical Concepts of the Marketing Mix Elements The term ‘marketing mix’ was initially utilized by Neil Borden in 1953. The hypothesis of advertising blend contains four fundamental components called 4 P’s of showcasing; item, value, spot, and advancement. These four components establish the whole limited time crusade; and â€Å"when these are viably mixed, they structure a showcasing program that gives need fulfilling merchandise and ventures to the company’s advertise (Spiro, Stanton, and Rich, 2003, p.10). The term promoting blend mirrors a more extensive idea that incorporates a few advertising perspective s which all work toward a comparative target of making mindfulness and client faithfulness. Each firm considers advertising blend as a fundamental technique as the components of promoting blend assume a critical job in each phase of item life cycle. In the cutting edge days, ‘people’ is added as the fifth P to the showcasing blend components so as to speak to the objective individuals. The 4 P’s of promoting are quickly portrayed underneath. 1. ... Item is a critical component that can lead the entire business tasks to progress or disappointment. Subsequently, so as to hold item intensity in the market, advertisers for the most part utilize item separation methodology as an instrument to separate their items from those of its rivals. So, while advertising an item, the advertiser must take explicit item choices in regards to scopes of elements like brand name, usefulness, bundling, guarantee, styling, and quality. 2. Cost Simply, cost decides the numerical estimation of the item or the sum a client pays for the item. An advertiser may increment or diminishing the cost of his item as per its interest in the market. Diverse evaluating systems are utilized to value an item in different circumstances. Premium evaluating is a most normal estimating system by which a more significant expense is charged for the item; it is rehearsed if the item has a considerable upper hand over the contending items. Also, infiltration evaluating, econ omy valuing, value skimming, mental estimating, land valuing, and quantities of others estimating systems are utilized to value an item. Advertisers must consider value adaptability and value segregation while planning estimating choices. 3. Spot Place speaks to an area where an item is promoted. It might either be a physical store or be a virtual store on the web. Agreeing the hypothesis of promoting blend, the spot likewise alludes to channel, dispersion, or middle person. At the end of the day, place is the channel through which products and ventures are moved from the advertiser to a definitive purchasers. The advertiser needs to define clear choices on conveyance channels; for example, he has

RECOVERY OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS (PGMs) FROM SCRAPPED FUEL CELLS Research Paper

Recuperation OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS (PGMs) FROM SCRAPPED FUEL CELLS - Research Paper Example Power module innovations are the most engaging alternatives to oil unwavering quality. Power module discharges no poisons and in all actuality emit unadulterated water thus. In spite of the fact that architects are concentrating on making hydrogen from sources, for example, gaseous petrol for the short-pull, the hydrogen program has techniques to focus on inexhaustible, environmentally innocuous methods for delivering hydrogen later on. Profoundly reliable force is crucial to numerous ventures just as private social orders. The United States loses $29 billion years from PC glitches on account of intensity power outages. Data focuses, banks, medical clinics in the midst of others all rely upon tenacious force that is accessible about 100 percent. Many Fuel Cells work on hydrogen and all will endure to create power insofar as oil is provided. In any case, the wellspring of the hydrogen doesn't make a difference in many power modules. Since energy units do require to be associated with the electrical plot, they are an assortment of spread creation that licenses to move away from contingent upon high voltage focal force creation, which is helpless to assaults and regular cataclysms (Sorensen 22-45). An energy component working on unpolluted hydrogen discharges zero emanations at the source. Different fixed power modules utilize natural gas or hydrocarbons as hydrogen feedstock. All things considered, these utilizations produce far lesser outflows than conventional force stations. Established on registered data, a fixed energy unit power plant delivers minimal short of what one piece of people for each kilowatt-long periods of vitality created. Conventional start creating advances produced twenty-pounds of emanations for a similar proportion of vitality. Poisons from energy units are least to such an extent that different areas of the U.S. have given exemption power devices from air allowing guidelines. Fills cells have a long-standing notoriety that their limit com motion contamination. Since energy components don't rely upon start and not many moving parts, they are fantastically quiet. The main sound they make arrives at around 60 decibels, the volume of an original discussion. Since clamor discharges are everything except annihilated, energy components can be situated at home or out-of-entryways without being meddling. Moreover, energy unit electric vehicles are the smallest of all vehicles sorts that utilization fuel legitimately, discharging zero poisons during use. Then again, energy components could be used as beneficial force units to control climate control systems embellishments. Since energy units produce power electrochemically, and don't combust fuel, they are basically more profitable than start procedures. Power device strategy as of now achieves 40-half fuel-to-vitality profitability using hydrocarbons fills, for example, s gaseous petrol. At the point when an energy unit is situated adjoining the purpose of power usage, as in some fixed applications, the waste warmth taxi be tapped for coproduction (Srinivasan, 13-46). A power device is an electrochemical machine that blends oxygen and hydrogen to create power. As a rule, water and warmth are its result. In its most straightforward nature, a single fuel contains two terminals, including an anode and a cathode with an electrolyte among them. Hydrogen then again synthetically responds with an impetus at the anode. It is through this synthetic response that a supporter goes through the electrolyte, though the electron moves by means of a circuit, creating a

Dokdo Islands are Korean Property

Dokdo Islands are Korean Property The Dokdo Islands have been managed by South Korea since 1954, but Japan despite everything claims that the Dokdo Islands are theirs. What Is an Expository Essay? Anâ expository essayâ is a sort of composed talk that effectively explains, portraying and giving data to the peruser. This is a straightforward explanatory exposition definition. Descriptive articles can likewise be decently precisely named ‘information’ or ‘informative’ expositions. 50 MOST POPULAR EXPOSITORY ESSAY TOPICS On the off chance that you are searching for explanatory paper models here is an incredible one beneath Informative Essay Example: Dokdo Islands Are Korean Property The Dokdo Islands have been controlled by South Korea since 1954, but then Japan despite everything claims that the Dokdo Islands are theirs. South Korea is as yet attempting to guarantee that the Dokdo Islands are theirs and theirs alone also, and the two countries have been battling for the privilege to the islands for over fifty years. The two nations hold attempting to delve over into their particular chronicles so as to discover notable land guarantees that will approve their current responsibility for islands. Be that as it may, the Dokdo Islands have a place with South Korea. For global relations, Japan should regard that. Their Word Against Theirs The procedure of both South Korea and Japan much of the time has been to have a go at returning as far into their particular narratives as conceivable to discover proof of their notable cases to the Dokdo Islands. These two countries have actually returned to the seventeenth century so as to discover what theyre searching for, and they have still neglected to deliver the verifiable ancient rarities that will effortlessly resolve the circumstance. Basically, with regards to sheer recorded reports that will decisively demonstrate which nation is the legitimate proprietor, both of these nations are pretty much even. Following quite a while of endeavoring, they havent had the option to prevail using the lawful contention. There is no motivation to accept that they ought to succeed now. Doing what is best for the universal network bodes well, and keeping this horrible land contest going is positively not helping anybody. Concentrating on Present Land Claims Regardless of whether Japan could discover such an archive, it ought not give them any control over the land in the twenty-first century. South Korea has been dealing with this land since the mid-twentieth century, and its theirs. Various gatherings have involved and controlled diverse land regions for quite a while. The conveyance of world countries and world governmental issues was totally unique in the seventeenth century. Going that far back so as to get land claims implies mutilating the present world request. South Korea has been controlling the land for a considerable length of time in present day timesâ and should keep on doing as such. The couple of government laborers and inhabitants of the islands are generally South Korean. In to such an extent as the islands even can have a place with anybody, they have a place with South Korea. Japans History of Imperialism Korea is a nation that has been destroyed by imperialistic forces for quite a while. Japan is one of those imperialistic forces. While the cutting edge country of Japan has typically become a considerably more serene country, the occurrence with the Dokdo Islands implies that Japan despite everything has not so much recuperated from its savage imperialistic past. Numerous Japanese traditionalists despite everything neglect to recognize the brutal and generally late section in Japanese history, and present day Japanese individuals have a duty to show the remainder of the world that their country is diverse at this point. South Korea and Japan have both neglected to discover proof of noteworthy land asserts that will totally clear up the circumstance, and they most likely never will. These have consistently been contested domains and hauling the past into it just supports the discussion. With regards to settling land asserts, the far off past shouldnt matter. The necessities of individuals today should matter. With regards to the requirements of individuals today, South Korea ought to have the Dokdo Islands. Japan ought not have the option to refute everything that has transpired for quite a long time because of a dusty land guarantee from 400 years prior, which Japan despite everything can't discover. Japan was battling to control the Dokdo Islands in the mid-twentieth century, soon after Japan lost World War Two and ought to have been completely presenting appropriate reparations in light of its horrendous activities during the war. Japans activities presently are uncaring, given the historical back drop of these islands, and the way that Japan continues seeking after them in any case proposes that its advanced preservationist populace might not have taken in anything from an earlier time. On the off chance that you are searching for a magnificent descriptive paper that will be composed by your necessities, will contain legitimate arranging, language, and structure, don't hesitate to contact our composing staff andâ place your orderâ with us. We have composed many explanatory papers before and have created broad skill in informative article composing.

Coping With Subthreshold PTSD

Coping With Subthreshold PTSD PTSD Print Coping With Subthreshold PTSD When Youre Not Quite Meeting a PTSD Diagnosis By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on January 29, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Arief Juwono / Moment / Getty Images Subthreshold PTSD refers to the experiencing of some post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after a traumatic event, but not quite enough to meet criteria for a PTSD diagnosis. Subthreshold PTSD can be associated with distress and impairment consistent with what is seen among people with a PTSD diagnosis. To officially have a diagnosis of PTSD, you need to have a certain number of re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. PTSD Symptoms PTSD symptoms can begin up to three months after a traumatic event, but sometimes do not appear until years after the event. These symptoms cause significant problems in social or work situations and in relationships. PTSD symptoms are generally grouped into four types: intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in thinking and mood, or changes in emotional reactions. Intrusive Memories Symptoms of intrusive memories may include: Recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the traumatic eventReliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again (flashbacks)Upsetting dreams about the traumatic eventSevere emotional distress or physical reactions to something that reminds you of the event Avoidance Symptoms of avoidance may include: Trying to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic eventAvoiding places, activities or people that remind you of the traumatic event Negative Changes in Thinking and Mood Symptoms of negative changes in thinking and mood may include: Negative feelings about yourself or other peopleInability to experience positive emotionsFeeling emotionally numbLack of interest in activities you once enjoyedHopelessness about the futureMemory problems, including not remembering important aspects of the traumatic eventDifficulty maintaining close relationships Changes in Emotional Reactions Symptoms of changes in emotional reactions (also called arousal symptoms) may include: Irritability, angry outbursts or aggressive behaviorAlways being on guard for dangerOverwhelming guilt or shameSelf-destructive behavior, such as drinking too much or driving too fastTrouble concentratingTrouble sleepingBeing easily startled or frightened Intensity of Symptoms You may have more PTSD symptoms when youre stressed in general, or when you run into reminders of what you went through. For example, you may hear a car backfire and relive combat experiences. Or you may see a report on the news about a sexual assault and feel overcome by memories of your own assault. PTSD symptoms can vary in intensity over time. When to See a Doctor According to the Mayo Clinic, if you have disturbing thoughts and feelings about a traumatic event for more than a month, if theyre severe, or if you feel youre having trouble getting your life back under control, talk to your healthcare professional. Get treatment as soon as possible to help prevent PTSD symptoms from getting worse. If You Have Suicidal Thoughts If you or someone you know is having suicidal thoughts, get help right away through one or more of these resources: Reach out to a close friend or loved one.Contact a minister, a spiritual leader or someone in your faith community.Call a suicide hotline numberâ€"in the United States, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-TALK (800-273-8255) to reach a trained counselor. Use that same number and press 1 to reach the Veterans Crisis Line.Make an appointment with your doctor, mental health provider or other healthcare professional.

The Storyline Of The Crucible - Free Essay Example

In this story called the Crucible is offered in a book and a movie.In each version there are similarities and differences. I have discovered some along the way which I will be talking about . Arthur Millers The Crucible the book uses the Salem witch trials to explore what happens when someone accuses someone else of treason or corruption without having any proof. The fist similarity between the book and movie is that it shows Reverend Parris greed for money. It shows he is also greedy for housing situations. Even though this is a similarity the movie portrays this image a little better. In this scene in the movie Reverend Parris is ranting about his yearly salary. When Hale walks through the door his behavior has completely changed. The next similarity is that Mary Warren attempts to tell the court that Abigail is lying.The girls follow Abigailrs example by looking/pointing at a yellow bird. Mary had screamed and the girls mimicked her to make it seem as if John Proctor forced her to falsely confess the girls were lying.However , another similarity is that both the book and the movie portray Abigail in the manner. Abigail Williams has negative behavioral traits that include lying, deceit, spitefulness, jealousy and manipulation. Her actions wound up in nine-teen innocent people being hung. Two girls could not wake in both the film and story.I have talked some of the similarities between both the book and the movie. There are a few differences between the two. One of them is taking place during Cheeverrs visit to arrest Elizabeth. Even though Cheever comes for Elizabeth in both there are little differences occurring in the scene. Such as in the movie the kids are awake and crying for their mother to not be arrested. While in the book the kids were asleep and she tells John to tell them when they wake.In the book there is five girls who were dancing in the woods. In the film there is twelve girls making love potions and then dancing in the woods.Another difference is in the movie where the girls were ganging up on Mary Warren in a separate room and in court.In the text they only gang up on her only in the courtroom. Also, when Abigail is about to run away she goes to John and convince him to go with her. In the book she never goes to visit him. Which means she never tried to convince John to run away with her. In general the two girls couldnt wake but when Betty wakes up she cries out for her mother. I thought the storyline, in general, was well written and performed. Both the versions had strong spot, as well as weak spots. In each version there are some things that were changed or added to one version and not to the other. For instance, a couple similarities are when they portray Abigail and Reverend Parris the same in both. Also, when Mary Warren tries to tell the court that Abigail and the girls were lying.Some things that are changed are the events in Elizabethrs arrest. In the book the kids were asleep and in the film they were watching and crying. Lastly, last but not least when Abigail is running away in the movie she pays a visit to John to try and convince him tang along with her. In the book Abigail just leaves and doesnt try to get John to go with her. So, overall this story is showing us that anyone can be accused without any proof of any kind.

CIPD 4DEP - 3320 Words

Activity 1 The HR Profession Map shows in few steps how professionals could become a value within the organisation in which they work. It has been created by the CIPD for anyone who wants to upgrade and develop own career or for any other who wants to start working in the HR field. It describes what people need to do and to know and how they need to do it. For this reason the map covers all the professional areas within the HR field, giving the knowledge to become an effective and successful HR practitioner. The map is divided into four bands of competence, covered by ten professional areas and eight behaviours. Looking at the Professional Areas the first focus is on the core of the map â€Å"Insights, strategy and solutions†, in which the†¦show more content†¦At the band 2 the organisation process and solutions are cleared to the HR professional. He/she is able to give strategic advices and/or manage any issues related to an individual or a team. At the band 3 the HR professional is able to lead a specific area, work as consultant or partner, plan challenges and relative strategies for medium and long-term. The last band 4 covers the highest level where the HR professional aside from manage a professional area can even lead an organisation. He/she is responsible for developing and delivering strategies for the success of the organisation. To understand how the bands work it is possible to take an example looking at one of the key areas. According to the membership band if the HR professional has to relate with a client, he/she would deliver the fundamentals within the band 1, be a strategy adviser and problem solver for the band 2, work as consultant or co-operative partner to set and guide the strategies within the band 3 and be the client confident and coach while lead the professional area in the band 4. Working in a specific professional area it is possible to transit from a band to another, developing or improving own skills and behaviour. In this regard the HR professional map shows and recommends to follow the eight behaviours about which we said above. Looking at them in details a HR professional should be: Decisive thinker, showingShow MoreRelatedCipd - 4dep-a Essay686 Words   |  3 PagesAssessment 4DEP – Activity A CPD stands for Continuing Professional Development and is a means of supporting people in the workplace to understand more about the environment in which they work, the job they do and how to do it better. As an initiative, CPD was largely unknown until at least the 1960s. Professional bodies only started to take systematic steps to ensure their members continue their development on an ongoing basis within the last ten to fifteen years of the twentieth century. 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