Is China shape up to be the next nation of innovation, moving away Essay

Is China shape up to be the next nation of innovation, moving away from the reputation of world's factory - Essay Example It is not just the emerging economies that need to be innovative; the developed countries have to step-up the rate of innovation to drive faster productivity growth that will help sustain healthy economic growth rates. Innovation leads to increased productivity and prosperity of a nation which in turn means world economic growth. Innovation addresses the most pressing social and human challenges. The social and human challenges can be met through education which brings about lifestyle changes in the people. Overall, the national environment matters to attain success in innovative activity. According to a recent survey conducted by the research firm the Economic Intelligence Unit Japan has been declared as the most innovative country, ahead of the US, Switzerland and Sweden. Innovation according to this study is â€Å"the application of knowledge in a novel way, primarily for economic benefit† (Blackcoat, 2007)2. The study has also indicated that China will see great progress for innovation while the US will remain the most â€Å"suitable place for innovation†. The study further suggests that there is no substitute for good education or for policies that encourage investment in IT communication infrastructure (Finfacts, 2007)3. Businesses consider innovation as a way to beat their competitors. For the economy to prosper the governments see the need for an innovative environment. Hence, innovation, government and businesses are linked together (Valery & Kekic, 2007)4. Firms collaborate with customers to product innovative products and personalize it; process innovation becomes important to design and improvise on the existing product and enhance productivity. Talents from different economies interact with each other to strengthen the links among personalization, collaboration and innovation. This has far-reaching implications for global business and for the nation

Chinese Women's Attitude toward Intimate Partner Violence and Domestic Term Paper

Chinese Women's Attitude toward Intimate Partner Violence and Domestic Violence - Term Paper Example China accounts for 21% of the world’s population (1300) and studies reported prevalence of IPV against women ranged from 13% to 37% in urban areas and 7% to 66% in rural areas (Wang et al. p.533), the characteristics of the Chinese DV and IPV problem and people’s response toward these problem serves to be of focal importance. China was a patriarchal society for an extensive history. The traditional gender expectation for a Chinese woman is to have absolute obedience, loyalty and devotion to her father, husband and even sons. Chinese men’s superiority and women’s inferiority were heavily embedded in many aspects of social life. Until nowadays, individual’s and public’s perceptions of DV and IPV are shaped by this traditional patriarchal ideology (Sun et al. p. 217,Yanqiu et al. p. 1307). But in Western societies, especially for developed countries like the U.S, women’s movement from the 18 century had enhanced individual awareness and p ublic consciousness of women’s right and thus shapes the attitudes toward DV and IPV (Sun et al. 2010, p. 217). Because of the cultural differences between China and western societies, the reasons account for DV and IPV is quite different too, for example, study found that in-law conflict is one of the major causes for DV and IPV because most of the Chinese married couples live with their in-law (Chan 2010). As far as the research conducted on domestic violence is concerned Sun et al, 2010, conducted a study which aimed to analyze the attitude that individuals adopted towards the police response as far as domestic violence is concerned. Ivan et al. made use of a sample that comprised of a survey questionnaire that contains about a 100 items which were administered to university students. The sample comprised of making use of a total of 654 students from China and America and by the use of purposive-and convenient sampling methods looked to analyze the difference in their reac tions and perceptions. Sun et al. conducts research on the topic by making use of a number of variables, the dependent ones having two measures which denote the attitude of the individuals towards the police as either proactive or traditional as far as domestic violence was concerned. The independent variables used were those that had to do with the background characteristics, experiences, and attitudes as far as gender role and violence was concerned. The data gathered was analyzed by means of a bivariate and a multivariate analysis. The research design used was primarily qualitative descriptive in nature as the means of data gathering was through the use of questionnaire and surveys that was distributed. The adaptation of a descriptive qualitative research method was one that was most frequently found in the numerous studies conducted on the topic of domestic violence. We see Chan et al, 2010, conduct a similar study based on a qualitative design, which although did not approach t he topic by highlighting key differences of individuals from different geographical locations but aimed to analyze the aspect childhood sexual abuse by focusing primarily on Hong Kong. The sample incorporated of households that were through random selection used as a part of the representative population study that was conducted. The sample size was also comparatively larger with over 1154 respondents, who were 16 or above and could speak English. They majority of the sample was male whereas 46% were female, with a varied level of education. The sample was interviewed

History Of Piet Mondrian History Essay

History Of Piet Mondrian History Essay Pieter Cornelis Mondrian was born March 7, 1872 in the small Dutch village of Aamersvoort. He was the second oldest of 2 brothers and one sister. His father made a living as a teacher but had talent as an amateur artist and was gifted in drafting. His father noticed at an early age that his son Piet had a gift for drawing and was able to give him drawing lessons. Credit must be given to his Uncle Fritz Mondrian, an artist as well that was self taught and made a living within the commercial art world. He taught the young Mondrian the basics of painting and his father took him to the countryside to sketch landscapes. Mondrian senior had hopes that his son would follow in his footsteps into the more stable profession of teaching. After winning his licenses he was allowed to teach at primary and secondary schools. Piet met his fathers demands by teaching but was not satisfied personally and in 1892 decided he was after all, going to become an artist. (Mondrian Biography) He studied at the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, Amsterdam, from 1892 to 1897 with an allowance provided by his Uncle Fritz. There he studied either full time or attended evening classes and while there he joined several artist societies. He exhibited his work, for the first time in 1893 (he was 21). Traveling back and forth between Amsterdam and various parts of rural Holland he devoted practically all of his time to painting landscapes, first in the style of the The Hague School then gradually more and more abstract, omitting details he felt irrelevant. His work started to take on a more abstract style as the details of form started to get omitted, as he felt they were irrelevant. As his work got more abstract the more recognition he received and criticism from the art community. (Mondrian Biography) In 1909 Mondrian joined a theosophical society that cast him away from his religious up-bringing as a Calvanist, but took him on a trip far from his foundation of thinking and influenced his art by his intellectual transformation. His style became a quasi-random and had disorderly qualities of nature, which started to transform his better known works of horizontal and vertical lines. The horizontal lines represent femininity and the worldly, the vertical defining masculinity and the spiritual. He coined the term neo-plasticism where he aimed to create a balance between the horizontal and the vertical, keeping in tune with the universe and his theosophical beliefs. In 1911 he saw for the first time the Cubist styles of Braque and Picasso at an art exhibition in Amsterdam. Soon after this he moved to Paris, the hub for French art and cubism, and it is believed by many, their works influenced this move. (Mondrian Biography) Mondrians style went through a transformation. He painted a series of trees, the earliest the Red tree, it has realistic form and the texture is soft. In less than a year in 1911, the painting of the Gray tree still can be considered representational but can be seen for the more abstract style. A year later his painting of an apple tree is composed of short, straight lines and slight curves, symbols of a trees elements rather than actual details. Mondrians style got simpler with implied lines and geometric shapes and their relationships to each other on the canvas. Mondrian was taken by the cubist movement, he was already advancing to a more abstract style, rejecting mixed colors and curving or diagonal lines in order to make paintings of squares and rectangles. (Baker. 297) Mondrians evolution as an artist represents the origin and essence of De Stijl. Working to free painting completely from both the depiction of real objects and the expression of personal feelings, he developed an austere style based on the expressive potential of fundamental visual elements and their relationships. (Frank. 408) He labored to achieve balance and harmony, modifying shapes and lines in limitless variations. He never received much payment for his work and not until after his death was his work internationally acknowledged as one of the most important developments in twentieth-century abstract art. He felt he had found, as he put it, A new way to express the beauty of nature, to gain pure reality. After moving to Paris he was internationally recognized for his exhibitions. He loved the night-life, parties and especially the dancing in Paris. He was said to have enjoyed the company of young women. His sales of art were few in Paris but he survived by painting copies of famous paintings from the Louvre. Piet returned to Holland in 1914 to visit his ill father. (Mondrian Biography) The Great War as it was called erupted in 1914 most people felt it would not be a long fought war, with Prussias rapid spankings in the 1860s and 1870. The unthinkable happened and it became a full-scale war of nearly all societies. This was the first time the world was at war making for the moniker of World War I. Germany craved a larger empire to be had by packaging Russia into parcels and incorporating parts of Belgium, France, and Luxemburg. The French were interested in getting back Alsace and Lorraine which was ceded to Germany following the Franco-Prussian War. The British craved to harden their footings in Egypt and the Suez Canal. This World War was wide-spread and involved more than the large European powers and Japan: their colonies were involved as well. Over one million Africans, one million from India, and over one million members of the British common-wealth fought in the battle fields. (Hunt. 394-401) The Netherlands were able to remain neutral during the Great War. It did so, in large part to the fact that both aggressive powers had too much at stake to let their enemy invade the country. The War, transformed the feasibility of the Dutch remaining neutral. So much so, that the hopes and desires attached to neutrality in 1914 had disappeared in 1918 and the force of non-involvement had also been threatened. The war years and all the dealings the Dutch had involved themselves in with trade and picking friends on both sides failed to live up as a valuable foreign affairs policy. They were a tiny industrially challenged country that could not protect its very independence and nation state identity, without needing assistance from elsewhere. In another war situation neutrality could not sustain. (Abbenhauis) Mondrian was trapped in Holland for 4 years. His father died in 1915 and after his death he moved to an artists community where he conversed with artists such as Van Der Leck and Van Doesburg. Van Doesburg founded a magazine called De Stijl Mondrian wrote some articles for the magazine. This group felt that architects and sculptors should work together to build a new society more in tune with the Laws of the Universe. This De Stijl art movement is most synonymous with the red, yellow, and blue neo-plasticism paintings of Piet Mondrian. He moved back to Paris in 1919, in Paris he had some more exhibitions, joined an art group and met American artist Harry Holtzman in 1934. (Mondrian Biography) Hitler came to power in 1933 Mondrians work was put on the list of Entartete Kunst (degenerate art). After his experience during World War I when all his paintings were left behind in Paris, he decided to leave before the dawning of the German invasion. He was in London for two years and September1940, during the German bombardment he left for America. He arrived with borrowed money in New York City, Harry Holtzman found and paid for his apartment and introduced him to many friends. His life in New York influenced his career with internationally important works like Broadway Boogie-Woogie and his unfinished Victory Boogie-Woogie. He succumbed to pneumonia in a New York hospital in 1944, he was 71. (Mondrian Biography) Tableau 2 with Yellow, Black, Blue, Red, and Gray This work completed in 1922, is oil on canvas measuring 21 7/8 X 21 1/8 and is located at the Soloman R. Guggenheim Museum, New York City. ( Frank.409) The paints used in this are derived from pigment mixed with oil as a base to carry the color in a liquid from. Artists such as Michelangelo and DaVinci were concocting and milling their own paints by hand and added it to oils available. In modern times linseed oil is used for pre-mixed paints and they store well, sometimes for years. Special oils and mediums are required to thin these kinds of oil paints. Linseed oil is one of the most common mediums for modern oil painters. Canvas comes in two materials: cotton and linen. Unprimed cotton is a natural off-white color, and is the least expensive. It comes in several grades of thickness and quality. (MacIntosh) The work is in the abstract style which Mondrian was best known for. The vertical and horizontal lines and blue, red, and yellow, are the primary style of his earlier mentioned self named neo-plasticism. The visual element of color is utilized in a bold way. The use of the three primary colors along with black and gray is almost shocking to the visual senses. The use of line as a visual element is clearly a bold separation for all the color elements. The design principles of unity and variety are used but there is no repeating in this design element, only single usage of each color. The black and yellow are the only two colors that are actually touching. This gives me an emotional fear of caution when I see them together. I really wish I knew what this means. The directional forces of the bold black lines carry your sight line outward toward the geometrical shapes. I dont feel there is repetition to Tableau 2 but I can feel a rhythm with the strong emotions from each primary color. I feel the content of this work has the appearance of being incomplete in some ways. My eyes want to travel along the incomplete black lines that stop short of the edges. It has a very grid-like quality, as if these colored sections hold meaning to something more important. I think the content of the work is to make the viewer want to see more.

Stereotypes :: essays research papers

There are many ways that people are stereotyped in the world today such as being African American (Black), Sexism, and being a homosexual. Stereotypes have gone to the extreme in today’s society and issues must be addressed. Black people are always stereotypes as being from the projects, or being poor and involved with drugs. Not all black people are like that. Just as with every other race that has its downfall of people in poverty so does black people. blacks try to counter the hate and hostility that they encounter with warmth and kindness toward one another such as with Bill Cosby and the Cosby show. Cosby had hoped that the eight season run of a â€Å"nationally treasured† show about an â€Å"educated, professional, intact Black family† would end stereotypical portrayals of African Americans. But still Blacks are portrayed as inferior, unimportant, and void of credibility. But stereotyping doesn’t end there as sexism. Women are always stereotyped. People say such things as "girls are not boys" to "girls are inferior to boys" and thence to "girls should be discriminated against or confined". Women also encounter sexism in the workplace. It is certainly true that there are very few women managers, however this is just a symptom of the general situation of women as a whole, not a cause. The installation of women at the top of a profession won't change the basic ground rules by which society is run. Those women at the top may suffer sexism from their colleagues. They may be ostracized from the old boys network and may find it more difficult to succeed. Women will remain as second class citizens as long as they are relegated to an inferior position in the work force. They are now in that position because to the bosses they are an unstable workforce, likely to want pregnancy leave, likely to come in late if a child is sick, likely to require a crà ¨c he or want to work part time. It is because men in society are seen as the breadwinner that they have more secure, more dependable jobs. When you come down to basics equal education and job opportunities and equal pay amount to little without free 24 hour nurseries and free contraception and abortion on demand. While a small minority of women can buy control of their own fertility, for the majority, family and child care is still as it has always been the largest problem faced by women workers.

Manual Washing Machine

http://www. bukisa. com/articles/38621_review-of-related-literature-renewable-energy The acquisition of renewable energy can not only provide a stable and secure energy in a country but also can lead to further growth and advancement of a country’s state. http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_the_advantages_of_manual_washing_machines An advantage is that it saves time so you aren't using a whole day for your washing Written by Joanna Hoang http://www. greeniacs. om/GreeniacsGuides/Energy/Manual-Washing-Machine. html Manual Washing Machine Washing machines can cost hundreds and even thousands of dollars a year to run depending on your washing machine type, whether or not you use hot, warm, or cold water, your energy company’s prices, water company’s prices, and the number of loads you run per week! Most significantly, roughly ninety percent of the energy used by washing machines just goes towards heating water! 1So, how about a bike pedal-powered washing machine? C urrently, there are many different designs and ideas for pedal powered washing machines. The goals differ, but they include reducing energy and water consumption and costs, and increasing accessibility for people who cannot afford and/or do not have the energy capacity to own conventionally powered washing machines. By now you are probably wondering how you can manage to get your hands on a pedal powered washing machine†¦Unfortunately, at this time there are no pedal powered washing machines available for mass production and thus for purchase by consumers. However, if you are handy with tools you can build your own! BENEFITS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT: Medium to High. Using a pedal powered washing machine will help you use significantly less energy and save water. COSTS: Low – Medium TIME AND EFFORT: Extremely High

Classical School of Criminology: Definitions of some terminology Essay

Introduction The Classical School of Criminology emerged during the period of Enlightenment and was to become an important role player in the scientific study of Criminology. The Classical School of thought offered the first naturalistic explanation of crime and basic ideas about crime and a criminal justice system were developed. (Bezuidenhoud, 2013, p. 126) The Classical school and its proponents left a legacy which can be seen in the Constitutions of many countries (including South Africa) and form the basis and foundation of many laws and Criminological theories. Here following is a discussion on three (3) of the concepts (Hedonism, Death Penalty and Deterrence) as introduced by the Classical School but with particular attention paid to how these concepts form a part of modern day Criminology and how the current concepts can be improved upon in South African Law. 1. Hedonism 2. Social Contract 3. Law 4. Deterrence 5. Due process of law 6. Death Penalty Hedonism The concept of Hedonism is grounded in several scientific fields of study. In Psychology the definition for Hedonism is given as: â€Å"the theory that conduct and especially all human behaviour are fundamentally motivated by the pursuit of pleasure or the avoidance of pain†. (Hedonism. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th Ed.) Jeremy Bentham in his book Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) defines Hedonism as â€Å"A doctrine with the central tenet that the achievement of pleasure or happiness is the main goal of life. (Bentham, Jeremy, (1988), Chap 5) The word ‘hedonism’ comes from the ancient Greek for ‘pleasure’. Psychological or motivational hedonism claims that only pleasure or pain motivates us. Ethical or evaluative hedonism claims that only pleasure has worth or value and only pain or displeasure has disvalue or the opposite of worth. Jeremy Bentham asserted both psychological and ethical hedonism with the first two sentences of his book An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation: â€Å"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain, and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do†. Debate about hedonism was a feature too of many centuries before Bentham, and this has also continued after him. (Bentham, Jeremy, (1988), Chap 1) In layman’s terms Hedonism implies that every human has the inborn desire and compulsion to weigh pleasure and pain up against each other and ultimately choose to go for the pleasure option. Therefore laws should be formulated in such a way that, bearing in mind the innate desires for pleasure, man will be curtailed by †pain†. Any person should be able to weigh the pleasure to be gained by an illegal act against the punishment (pain) decreed by law and subsequently to decide against the act. (Philips, A.R., (2014), Slide 19) In modern-day South Africa nothing seems to have changed. It is merely the forms of pleasure and pain that have evolved due to the technological changes since the 18th century. The search for pleasure has become more powerful with all citizens; society in general and government aiming at gaining â€Å"pleasure† sometimes at any cost. The ordinary citizen sees the level of luxury of the â€Å"haves† and will consider anything to be able to experience the same level of pleasure. Furthermore, certain promises were made 20 years ago when the country moved from apartheid to democracy. Although huge strides have been made there has been a definite widening of the gap between the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have-nots†. Simplistically crime has evolved into the one sector of the poor turning them to crime to achieve a level of survival (those who have experienced no or very little improvement in their lives) while another sector is driven to crime purely by greed. The  desire for fast, easy money through crimes such as drugs and prostitution. Death Penalty Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) together with Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was considered to be the most influencial during the Classical School period. Beccaria famously writing mostly about Deterrence as prevention of crime and Punishment should fit the crime Beccaria also called for the abolition of capital punishment. He offered three Main arguments: first, that the death penalty is not useful within a rational and well-ordered Criminal justice system; second that capital punishment is illegitimate under a social Contractarian theory of political obligation; and, third, that the irrevocable nature of the death Penalty is incompatible with the fallible human judgments that are necessarily involved in Capital punishment. Every time a remarkable crime occurs – remarkable either because of the fame of the victim or the extraordinary brutality of the act – there are people calling for a debate on the restoration of the death penalty in South Africa; for the protection of good people, children, and the whole of society against monsters. When it comes to death penalty the Constitution of South Africa is very clear too; there are three basic rights entrenched in the Bill of Rights which focuses on the unconstitutionality of state sanctioned murder. These rights are: the right to life, the right to freedom and security of the person and the right to dignity (SA Constitution, (1996), Section 12 (1)) The death penalty is a highly contentious issue which has been the subject of much debate, writings and research. Botswana still passes the Death sentence and is the country with the lowest crime rate. As stated in The Botswana travel Guide (2013) stated: â€Å"People in Botswana are very friendly and the crime rate is low.† Could the reason for this be that the Death sentence (an act of revenge) acts as Deterrence on a general level? This is a proverbial can of worms that I would definitely not like to open. South Africa’s Death sentence history is a very murky one. About 3500 inmates were hung in the previous century. Of these were 130 whose only crime was fighting for freedom for all South African citizens. (Is this the most ghoulish tourist attraction in the world? Gallows where 3500 were hanged declared a national, monument in South Africa, (2011, 15 December) My personal view on the topic is that we should maintain the status quo for several reasons. 1. Being a Christian I believe in the Commandment â€Å"Thou shall not kill† 2. Killing a killer does not make is right. 3. The Death sentence is purely an act of revenge and serves no purpose as deterrence. One could however argue the point that Abortion (which is legalized in this country) is also murder. Murder of intent but once again another contentious issue. Death sentencing, in my opinion, is barbaric, inhumane, and cruel and has no place in our modern society and Constitution. Deterrence According to the Classical school â€Å"the law was to protect the rights of both society and the individual, and its chief purpose was to deter criminal behaviour. Therefore Classical law emphasized moral responsibility and the duty of citizens to consider fully the consequences of behaviour before they acted†¦.. The role of punishment, according to Bentham, in itself was evil and should be used only to exclude some greater evil. Thus, the only justification for punishment was Deterrence. The Classical school saw two forms of Deterrence: a specific or individual form and a general or societal form.† (Williams, P.W. and McShane, M.D., (2014), pg. 17) Individual Deterrence is aimed at the individual who has committed the crime. The punishment should therefore be equal to the crime committed so that the offender will remember the unpleasantness of the punishment and not repeat the activity again. General or societal deterrence is aimed at the society at large. The severity of punishment should be determined by the extent of damage to the public welfare. BUT the aim of punishment should be to restrain the criminal from causing any further damage (individual deterrence) and deter others from crime (general deterrence). (Carlitz, A., (2013), Chap 5) In South Africa today our penal system makes provision for 3 aims of punishment: Retribution, deterrence and Rehabilitation. All three aimed at providing peace, harmony and safety for all its citizens. Our Constitution leans more heavily towards Rehabilitation. All attempts are therefore made to ensure that the offender learns from his punishment and rehabilitates to become a productive member of our society. Deterrence is to my mind a positive way of dealing with offenders. If implemented correctly it can go a long way in leading to a better society. However there seems to be different rules for different people. Deterrence has very little value if punishment for high-profile offenders is reduced while the ordinary citizen has to face the full wrath of the law. The society looks at the preferential treatment of certain high-profile citizens. Examples of preferential treatment. 1. Schabir Shaik (Durban businessman and friend of President Jacob Zuma): On 8 June he was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment on each of the two counts of corruption, as well as 3 years on the count of fraud. The sentences will run concurrently, giving him an effective 15year prison term. On 3 March 2009 Shaik was released on medical parole, after serving two years and four months of his 15-year prison term. Since that time he has been seen regularly busy with activities which clearly refuted his alleged medical condition (Opposition slams release of Schabir Shaik, (2009, 3 March), p. 1) and Schabir Shaik’s parole paradise, 2010, 8 January, p.1) 2. Jackie Selebi (SA Police Commissioner): Selebi was found guilty of corruption on 2 July 2010 and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment on 3 August 2010. His appeal against his sentence was rejected by the Supreme Court of Appeal on 2 December 2011, after the court unanimously ruled against him. However, he was released on medical parole in July 2012. (Selebi guilty of corruption, (2010, 2 July), p. 1) Tony Yengeni (South African politician): In 2004, Yengeni was convicted of  defrauding parliament by accepting a discount on a luxury car during the tendering process for a controversial arms deal while he was the member of a parliamentary committee reporting on the same deal. The case against Michael Woerfel was withdrawn since Yengeni was found not guilty on the charges involving Woerfel. Yengeni entered Pollsmoor Prison near Cape Town on 24 August 2006, was immediately transferred to more modern Malmesbury prison, but was released on parole on 15 January 2007 — after completing a mere four months of the four-year sentence. ((Tony Yengeni. (n.d.). In Wikipedia.) Cases such as the three mentioned above, do not sit well with the South African citizens. Such cases make people suspicious and negative towards our legal system. They do very little to act as a Deterrence since citizens believe that you will only receive fair treatment if you are somebody important. Conclusion One could argue that the Classical School was extremely radical regarding the rights of criminals and working tirelessly at proving that criminals were forced into crime by various internal and external factors because of the appalling circumstances and inhumane punishments that went on in the centuries prior to the enlightenment. They could seem to have had an axe to grind and wrote prolifically on the topic. What can however not be disputed is that they were very forward in their thinking and set the stage for many reforms to take place in the penal system. The value of their proposals is proven by the number of countries that have entrenched in their constitutions many of the changes advocated by the writers of the Classical School. Many of the ideas championed by Beccaria in such rights as freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, the right to a speedy trial, freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, the right to a prohibition of ex post facto laws, the right to confront one’s accusers, and equality under law, contained in the Bill of Rights and other documents at the heart of Western legal systems today. (Bezuidenhoud, C., Ed, (2013), p. 127) Bibliography Associated Press, (December 15, 2011), Is this the most ghoulish tourist attraction in the world? Gallows where 3500 were hanged declared a national, monument in South Africa, Daily Mail. Bentham, Jeremy, (1988), The Principles of Morals and Legislation. Amherst: Prometheus Books. Bezuidenhoud, C, Ed., (2013), A Southern African Perspective on Fundamental Criminology, Cape Town, Heineman Botswana, (n.d.), In Wikitravel, Retrieved on February 17, 2014 from http://wikitravel.org/ Carlitz, A., (2013), Theoretical foundation of Sentencing, Bloemfontein Groenewald, Y., (March 3, 2009), Opposition slams release of Schabir Shaik, Mail and Guardian. Groenewald, Y., (January 8, 2010), Schabir Shaik’s Parole Paradise, Mail & Guardian Hedonism. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th Ed.). Retrieved from http://www.mw.com/dictionary/hedonismp. Jackie Selebi (December 30, 2013), In Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopaedia, Retrieved on 2014 February, 17 from http://en.wikipedia.org/ Philips, A.R., (2014), Crime Causation according to the Classical School, Bloemfontein. South African Constitution, (1996), Cape Town Tony Yengeni, (n.d.), In Wikipedia: The Free encyclopaedia, Retrieved on February 17, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/ Wiliams P.W. & McShane, M.D., (2014) Criminological Theories, 6th Ed, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall

State Of Grace Essays - English-language Films, Films, Neo-noir

State Of Grace Essays - English-language Films, Films, Neo-noir State of Grace The movie I chosed to view and write a report on was called "State Of Grace". This movie depicts and focuses on small time Irish hoods who are grouped into crews, semi-independent unit that is headed by a street boss.They share with their crew chief who shares with soldiers and caporgime who runs their affairs. This movie is about small time hoods who operate in New York city. An area known as Hell's Kitchen. Sean Penn, who plays an undercover agent tries to infiltrate a crew of Irish American decent who operate organized crime on a lower level. This movie depicts many organized crime characteristics, the first being Self Perpetuating Frankie Flannery has just been named the new boss, due toanunfortunate event.Early in the movie a Division of Hierarchy is established with Frankie Flannery being the street boss, who works under the caporgime, Mr. Berelli. Frankie runs a crew of about ten Irish rough housers, including his brother named Jackie, and Sean Penn! played as Terry, the undercover police officer trying to infiltrate the crew. This crew was nonidelogical, there only goal and concern was economic growth, as we see compared withorganized crime today. One of the biggest characteristics of organized crime used in this film was a person exhibiting the willingness to use illegal violence and bribery.Early in this movie Sean shows that he is willing to participate and does so by commiting arson, roughing people up, extoring monely from small business owners. One of the reasons that Terry is given a chance to work with the crew, the characteristics of organized crime, limited or exclusive membership, is that he grew up with these guys in the neighborhood, and he was Irish. Looking at the organized characteristics of specialization of labor, the crew mainly worked as button men or enforcers. They carried out intimidation tactics, along with violdence they pursuaded citizens to see things their way. While watching this movie the main focus was on rules and regulations. Example: Little Stevie was murdered for disrespecting another caporgime named Mr. Cabella. Toward the end of the movie Mr. Flannery has to kill his younger brother Jackie, for not obeying rules and killing without Mr. Berellis permission.The end of the movie shows a different kind of loyalty. Sean Penn upset by the murder of his friend and member, Jackie Flannery decides to kill the boss Frankie along with the crew, even though he is a cop and breaking all the rules. This movie showed a view of organized crime at street level.

Information Systems Engineering In Industry The WritePass Journal

Information Systems Engineering In Industry Introduction Information Systems Engineering In Industry IntroductionRÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µsRelated Introduction ThÃ'â€"s pÐ °pÐ µr wÃ'â€"ll dÃ'â€"scuss thÐ µ stÐ °tÐ µmÐ µnt thÐ °t Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on systÐ µms should not bÐ µ thÐ µ solÐ µ thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty of thÐ µ systÐ µm provÃ'â€"dÐ µrs. ThÃ'â€"s dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on should bÐ µ on thÐ µ dÃ'â€"scrÐ µtÃ'â€"on of mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt. InvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on tÐ µchnology (IT) Ð °pproÐ °ch lÐ µvÐ µl of 4% of compÐ °ny rÐ µvÐ µnuÐ µs Ð °nd consÃ'â€"st of nÐ µÃ °rly hÐ °lf budgÐ µt of U.S. cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l, procÐ µss of dÐ µcÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng whÐ °t, whÐ µn Ð °nd how Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt IT Ã'â€"s crÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l to survÃ'â€"vÐ °l. In somÐ µ studÃ'â€"Ð µs, mÐ °rgÃ'â€"nÐ °l bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n IT hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn only 80% of thÐ µÃ'â€"r costs. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"mplÃ'â€"Ð µs thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on of compÐ °ny Ð °nd, quÃ'â€"tÐ µ possÃ'â€"bly, thÐ µ flÐ °wÐ µd procÐ µss of mÐ °kÃ'†"ng thÐ µsÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. (DÐ µnnÃ'â€"s 2009) WhÐ µn Ã'â€"t comÐ µs to crÐ µÃ °tÃ'â€"ng vÐ °luÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ compÐ °ny, Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s most Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on. ThÃ'â€"s dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÐ µs totÐ °l Ð °mount of Ð °ssÐ µts hÐ µld by compÐ °ny, composÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on of thÐ µsÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µts Ð °nd pÐ µrsonÐ °lÃ'â€"ty of busÃ'â€"nÐ µss rÃ'â€"sk of compÐ °ny Ð °s pÐ µrcÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µd by Ã'â€"nvÐ µstors. UsÃ'â€"ng Ð °pproprÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °ncÐ µ crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"on for Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s crÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l to Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on. InvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n InformÐ °tÃ'â€"on TÐ µchnology (IT) Ð °rÐ µ Ð °pproÐ °chÃ'â€"ng lÐ µvÐ µl of 4% of compÐ °ny rÐ µvÐ µnuÐ µ (McKÐ µÃ µn1993) Ð °nd Ð °rÐ µ bÐ µgÃ'â€"nnÃ'â€"ng to closÐ µ nÐ µÃ °rly hÐ °lf budgÐ µt of U.S. cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l. ThÃ'â€"s mÐ °kÐ µs procÐ µss of dÐ µcÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng whÐ °t, whÐ µn Ð °nd how Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n tÐ µchnologÃ'â€"Ð µs crÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l to survÃ'â€"vÐ °l of thÐ µ compÐ °ny. In somÐ µ studÃ'â€"Ð µs, mÐ °rgÃ'â€"nÐ °l bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n IT hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn only 80% of thÐ µÃ'â€"r costs. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"cÐ °tÐ µs thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on of compÐ °ny Ð °nd Ã'â€"nvolvÐ µs quÃ'â€"tÐ µ possÃ'â€"bly thÐ µ flÐ °wÐ µd procÐ µss of mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng thÐ µsÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. In thÐ µ 1994 survÐ µy of IT Ã'â€"ndustry Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt prÐ °ctÃ'â€"cÐ µs of Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n UK, just ovÐ µr 50% of orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"ons survÐ µyÐ µd hÐ °d formÐ °l mÐ µthodologÃ'â€"Ð µs for mÐ °nÐ °gÃ'â€"ng IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt procÐ µss. THE dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µd procÐ µss Ã'â€"s dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"tÐ µly thÐ µ poor procÐ µss Ð °nd unmÐ °nÐ °gÐ µd onÐ µ. (MÃ'â€"tch 2008) PurposÐ µ of thÃ'â€"s pÐ °pÐ µr Ã'â€"s to Ð µxÐ °mÃ'â€"nÐ µ procÐ µss of IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"on to othÐ µr typÐ µs of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ð °nd proposÐ µs Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µs to Ã'â€"mprovÐ µ currÐ µnt procÐ µss. As mÐ µntÃ'â€"onÐ µd Ð °bovÐ µ, Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on procÐ µss Ã'â€"s most Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n thÐ µ compÐ °ny whÐ µn Ã'â€"t comÐ µs to vÐ °luÐ µ crÐ µÃ °tÃ'â€"on. InvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µd Ð °s Ð °llocÐ °tÃ'â€"on of cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l to thÐ µ proposÐ °l, bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts Ð °rÐ µ to bÐ µ conductÐ µd Ã'â€"n futurÐ µ. BÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ futurÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð °lwÐ °ys uncÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"n, rÃ'â€"sk of not rÐ µcÐ µÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts must Ð °lso bÐ µ consÃ'â€"dÐ µrÐ µd. ThÃ'â€"s dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µs mÐ °Ã'â€"n componÐ µnts of dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on procÐ µss Ð °s cost of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt, bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"zÐ µd, tÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"ng of bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts Ð °nd uncÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"nty Ð °t rÃ'â€"sk of rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"zÃ'â€"ng bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts. GÐ µnÐ µrÐ °lly Ð °ccÐ µptÐ µd fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on procÐ µss Ã'â€"s bÐ °sÐ µd on HÐ µrbÐ µrt SÃ'â€"mon procÐ µss, Ã'â€"ntÐ µllÃ'â€"gÐ µncÐ µ, dÐ µsÃ'â€"gn Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs of choÃ'â€"cÐ µ. 1. GÐ µnÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"on of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt proposÐ °ls 2. ЕstÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µd cÐ °sh flows of proposÐ °l 3. EvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on of cÐ °sh flows (NPV, Ð µtc) 4. ProjÐ µct sÐ µlÐ µctÃ'â€"on bÐ °sÐ µd on thÐ µ crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"on of Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °nd 5. ContÃ'â€"nuous rÐ µÃ °ssÐ µssmÐ µnt of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt projÐ µcts Ð °ftÐ µr Ã'â€"ts Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °ncÐ µ. (ErÃ'â€"n 2009) ThÃ'â€"s procÐ µss Ã'â€"nvolvÐ µs mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. ElÐ µmÐ µnts of thÐ µ good optÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µd by KÐ µpnÐ µr Ð °nd TrÐ µgoÐ µ dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng gurus Ð °s QuÐ °lÃ'â€"ty of dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on of spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"c fÐ °ctors thÐ °t must bÐ µ mÐ µt, quÐ °lÃ'â€"ty EvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on of Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °vÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ °blÐ µ Ð °nd quÐ °lÃ'â€"ty of undÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng of whÐ °t thÐ µsÐ µ Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µs mÐ °y producÐ µ. ProcÐ µss dÐ µscrÃ'â€"bÐ µd Ð °bovÐ µ lÐ µd Ð µconomÃ'â€"c dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µs Ð °ll thÐ µsÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n Ð °n Ð µconomÃ'â€"cÐ °lly orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd. DÐ µfÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on of spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"c fÐ °ctors or crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °, usuÐ °lly bÐ °sÐ µd on Ð °vÐ µrÐ °gÐ µ rÐ °tÐ µ of rÐ µturn, pÐ °ybÐ °ck, Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ °l rÐ °tÐ µ of rÐ µturn Ð °nd nÐ µt prÐ µsÐ µnt vÐ °luÐ µ. EvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on of Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ drÃ'â€"vÐ µn by HurdlÐ µ rÐ °tÐ µs Ã'â€"nfluÐ µncÐ µd by cost of pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ goÐ °ls or Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l. OftÐ µn thÐ µsÐ µ Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ sÐ µt by strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c or polÃ'â€"cy. UndÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng of whÐ °t Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µs mÃ'â€"ght producÐ µ Ã'â€"s usuÐ °lly lÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"tÐ µd by mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs of rÐ µturn on Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt thÐ °t Ð °rÐ µ drÃ'â€"vÐ µn by Ð µstÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µs of futurÐ µ cÐ °sh flows. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ð µstÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ usuÐ °lly dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd wÃ'â€"th currÐ µnt Ð °ccountÃ'â€"ng functÃ'â€"onÐ °l guÃ'â€"dÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °nd budgÐ µtÃ'â€"ng systÐ µms. In most busÃ'â€"nÐ µssÐ µs, futurÐ µ cÐ °sh flow Ã'â€"s dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µd sÃ'â€"mply Ð °s Ð °n Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ Ã'â€"n rÐ µvÐ µnuÐ µ or thÐ µ dÐ µcrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ Ã'â€"n cost of functÃ'â€"onÐ °l unÃ'â€"t Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt proposÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on. In pÐ °st, cÐ °usÐ °l lÃ'â€"nk bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ð °nd cÐ °sh flows hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn Ð µxplÐ °Ã'â€"nÐ µd by Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n mÐ °chÃ'â€"nÐ µry usÐ µd to rÐ µducÐ µ lÐ °bor costs, Ð µquÃ'â€"pmÐ µnt or Ã'â€"mprovÐ µ productÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"on to Ð µntry Ã'â€"nto unÃ'â€"t proposÐ µd. InvÐ µstmÐ µnt cost wÐ °s clÐ µÃ °r, Ð °dvÐ °ntÐ °gÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ clÐ µÃ °r, wÐ µÃ °thÐ µr wÐ °s clÐ µÃ °r Ð °nd rÃ'â€"sk wÐ °s dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ °blÐ µ Ð °nd undÐ µrstÐ °ndÐ °blÐ µ. ThÃ'â€"s Ð °llowÐ µd thÐ µ clÐ µÃ °r undÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng of whÐ °t Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µs mÃ'â€"ght producÐ µ Ð °nd fÐ °cÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÐ °tÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt d Ð µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons rÐ °thÐ µr thÐ °n vÐ °luÐ µ to compÐ °ny. SÃ'â€"ncÐ µ procÐ µss of mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng fundÐ °mÐ µntÐ °l dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons, SÃ'â€"mons modÐ µl Ã'â€"s gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °lly Ð °pplÃ'â€"cÐ °blÐ µ to Ð °ny dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on should bÐ µ Ð °pplÃ'â€"cÐ °blÐ µ to IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on. ThÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÐ µrs Ð °rÐ µ not IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd IT hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn succÐ µssful Ã'â€"n othÐ µr Ð °rÐ µÃ °s. If so, thÐ µn why Ð °rÐ µ not thÐ µsÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons rÐ µsultÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n Ð °ddÐ µd vÐ °luÐ µ to compÐ °ny? ElÐ µmÐ µnts of thÐ µ good choÃ'â€"cÐ µ rÐ µmÐ °Ã'â€"n vÐ °lÃ'â€"d for IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on. (EmÃ'â€"ly 2007) ThÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, rÐ µsponsÐ µ should bÐ µ wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n frÐ °mÐ µwork of quÐ °lÃ'â€"ty of dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on of spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"c fÐ °ctors thÐ °t must bÐ µ mÐ µt, quÐ °lÃ'â€"ty of Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on of Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °vÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ °blÐ µ Ð °nd quÐ °lÃ'â€"ty of undÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng of whÐ °t thÐ µsÐ µ Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µs mÐ °y producÐ µ. THE good dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on cÐ °n only bÐ µ donÐ µ Ã'â€"n contÐ µxt of whÐ °t hÐ °s to bÐ µ donÐ µ. InformÐ °tÃ'â€"on on rÐ µsults of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n tÐ µchnology Ã'â€"s vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð °blÐ µ, complÐ µx, Ã'â€"ntÐ µrrÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd Ð °nd dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to Ð µstÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ. McKÐ µÃ µn Ð °nd SmÃ'â€"th suggÐ µst thÐ °t onÐ µ rÐ µÃ °son for thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"s thÐ °t lÐ µvÐ µl of Ð °nÐ °lysÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"s bÐ °sÐ µd on Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °l projÐ µcts Ð °nd not on IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt portfolÃ'â€"o. ThÃ'â€"s Ð °rtÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð °l dÐ µcomposÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"gnorÐ µs synÐ µrgÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c vÐ °luÐ µ of portfolÃ'â€"o Ð °s thÐ µ wholÐ µ. VÐ °luÐ µ Ð °nd Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct of IT Ð °nd cross-functÃ'â€"onÐ °l coordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÃ'â€"on, communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd usÐ µ of tÐ µchnology Ð °cross busÃ'â€"nÐ µss functÃ'â€"ons could not bÐ µ fully undÐ µrstood or Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÐ µd Ã'â€"n contÐ µxt of projÐ µct. THE clÐ µÃ °r lÐ °ck of cÐ °usÐ °l modÐ µls Ã'â€"s Ð °lso thÐ µ problÐ µm to undÐ µrstÐ °nd Ð °nd bÐ µlÃ'â€"Ð µvÐ µ Ã'â€"n rÐ µsults of Ð °n IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt.Most mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µrs hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn Ð °skÐ µd to IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn Ð °skÐ µd to mÐ °kÐ µ thÐ µ lÐ µÃ °p of fÐ °Ã'â€"th thÐ °t contrÃ'â€"butÐ µs sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °ntly to pÐ µrcÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µd rÃ'â€"sk. McKÐ µÃ µn Ð °nd SmÃ'â€"th suggÐ µst thÐ µ frÐ °mÐ µwork for undÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons bÐ °sÐ µd on purposÐ µ. ThÃ'â€"s frÐ °mÐ µwork clÐ °ssÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µs IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n trÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"onÐ °l, Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l, Ð °nd strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c typÐ µs.TrÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"onÐ °l IT Ã'â€"s usÐ µd to rÐ µducÐ µ costs or lÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"t cost Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µs Ð °nd thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ must bÐ µ closÐ µly rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd to currÐ µnt fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on-mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °. InformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t provÃ'â€"dÐ µs usÐ µful Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on to bÐ µ usÐ µd to prÐ µvÐ µnt problÐ µms or Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fy opportunÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs to Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ rÐ µvÐ µnuÐ µ or cut costs. SÃ'â€"ncÐ µ cÐ °usÐ °l lÃ'â€"nks Ð °rÐ µ oftÐ µn unclÐ µÃ °r, thÐ µsÐ µ bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts Ð °nd rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"onshÃ'â€"ps bÐ µcomÐ µ thÐ µ lÃ'†"ttlÐ µ morÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to undÐ µrstÐ °nd Ð °nd mÐ µÃ °surÐ µ currÐ µnt fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on-mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng procÐ µss. StrÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c IT Ã'â€"s dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µd Ð °s provÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ usÐ µful product or sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ Ð °nd Ã'â€"s most dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to undÐ µrstÐ °nd Ð °nd mÐ µÃ °surÐ µ todÐ °ys dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °. (BrÃ'â€"Ð °n 2008) It sÐ µÃ µms thÐ °t cÐ °usÐ °l rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"onshÃ'â€"p bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ð °nd bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts Ð °rÐ µ unclÐ µÃ °r to movÐ µ from thÐ µ trÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"onÐ °l to strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c. ThÃ'â€"s muddy wÐ °tÐ µrs Ã'â€"n Ð µstÃ'â€"mÐ °tÃ'â€"on of cÐ °sh flow Ð °nd rÃ'â€"sk, so Ð °ddÃ'â€"ng complÐ µxÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd rÐ µducÃ'â€"ng clÐ °rÃ'â€"ty of dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng.SpÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"c fÐ °ctors thÐ °t must bÐ µ mÐ µt, or crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° for dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on Ð °rÐ µ spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"c dÐ µtÐ °Ã'â€"ls of whÐ °t dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s cÐ °rrÃ'â€"Ð µd out. LÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"tÐ µd crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° usÐ µd Ã'â€"n Ð µconomÃ'â€"c procÐ µss-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd (ROI, NPV, Ð µtc.) cÐ °pturÐ µ only thÐ µ vÐ µry lÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"tÐ µd vÃ'â€"Ð µw of rÐ µsults of proposÐ µd IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt. ThÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, quÐ °lÃ'â€"ty of dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on of spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"c crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° Ã'â€"s thÐ µ functÃ'â€"on of how wÐ µll crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° cÐ °pturÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µctÐ µd rÐ µsults of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt. EÐ °ch of cÐ °tÐ µgorÃ'â€"Ð µs proposÐ µd by McKÐ µÃ µn Ð °nd SmÃ'â€"th hÐ °vÐ µ vÐ µry dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt outcomÐ µs Ð °nd mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs. TrÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"onÐ °l IT Ã'â€"s morÐ µ closÐ µly rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd to fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs, Ð °s Ã'â€"t focusÐ µs on trÐ °dÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"onÐ °l productÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty. For thÃ'â€"s rÐ µÃ °son, usÃ'â€"ng fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs Ð °Ã'â€"mÐ µd Ð °t Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n trÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"onÐ °l systÐ µms hÐ °vÐ µ dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÐ µd succÐ µss of most of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt. MÐ °ny studÃ'â€"Ð µs Ã'â€"n rÐ µcÐ µnt yÐ µÃ °rs hÐ °vÐ µ focusÐ µd on dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on of mÐ µÃ °surÐ µmÐ µnt of IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"on to compÐ °ny pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ. CompÐ µtÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °dvÐ °ntÐ °gÐ µ, customÐ µr sÐ °tÃ'â€"sfÐ °ctÃ'â€"on, orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l lÐ µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ng, trÐ °nsformÐ °t Ã'â€"on Ð µfforts, Ð µmployÐ µÃ µ sÐ °tÃ'â€"sfÐ °ctÃ'â€"on Ð °nd Ð µffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µncy Ð °rÐ µ common thÐ µmÐ µs Ã'â€"n lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °turÐ µ. WÃ'â€"lson suggÐ µsts thÐ µy sÐ µÃ µ Ð °s Ð °n Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l cÐ °pÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs thÐ °t crÐ µÃ °tÐ µ supÐ µrÃ'â€"or pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ Ã'â€"n spÐ µÃ µd, quÐ °lÃ'â€"ty, flÐ µxÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd Ã'â€"nnovÐ °tÃ'â€"on. It outlÃ'â€"nÐ µs sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l rÐ µÃ °sons why thÐ µsÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ð °rÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to justÃ'â€"fy. (JÐ °n 2006) FÃ'â€"rst, Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ð °rÐ µ sprÐ µÃ °d ovÐ µr sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l budgÐ µts of dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt dÐ µpÐ °rtmÐ µnts Ð °nd busÃ'â€"nÐ µss unÃ'â€"ts Ð °nd thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnsÃ'â€"vÐ µ coordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÃ'â€"on bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt unÃ'â€"ts. SÐ µcondly, most compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs do not hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °ccountÃ'â€"ng systÐ µms thÐ °t cÐ °n trÐ °ck Ð °nd monÃ'â€"tor pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µsÐ µ dÃ'â€"mÐ µnsÃ'â€"ons so thÐ °t bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts oftÐ µn bÐ µcomÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"blÐ µ. ThÃ'â€"rd, thÐ µsÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts hÐ °vÐ µ thrÐ µshold Ð µffÐ µcts. ThÃ'â€"s mÐ µÃ °ns thÐ °t bÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ thÐ µy rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µ mÐ °ny pÐ °rts of orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"on to work togÐ µthÐ µr Ã'â€"n thÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt wÐ °y, bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts Ð °rÐ µ oftÐ µn not rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"zÐ µd untÃ'â€"l wholÐ µ nÐ µw systÐ µm hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn Ã'â€"mplÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd. FÃ'â€"nÐ °lly, Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l cÐ °pÐ °cÃ'â€"ty cÐ °n Ð °ffÐ µct mÐ °rkÐ µt structurÐ µ rÐ µsultÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n thÐ µ rÐ µsponsÐ µ from compÐ µtÃ'â€"tors, Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s vÐ µry dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to prÐ µdÃ'â€"ct. FoundÐ °tÃ'â€"on of Ð °ny thÐ µory Ã'â€"s thÐ °t thÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l fÐ °ctors thÐ °t must bÐ µ mÐ µt bÐ µforÐ µ Ð °ny chÐ °ngÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð µvÐ µn consÃ'â€"dÐ µrÐ µd. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ã'â€"ncludÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd for top mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt support Ð °nd undÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng but Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s thÐ µ good systÐ µm Ð °nd whÐ °t bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts Ã'â€"t wÃ'â€"ll gÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð µmployÐ µÃ µs, whÐ µthÐ µr dÃ'â€"rÐ µctly or Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"rÐ µctly, thÐ µrÐ µ wÃ'â€"ll bÐ µ somÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl of rÐ µsÃ'â€"stÐ °ncÐ µ. ThÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, rÐ µsÃ'â€"stÐ °ncÐ µ hÐ °s to bÐ µ mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µd Ð °nd controllÐ µd to fÐ °cÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ succÐ µssful Ã'â€"mplÐ µmÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on. OncÐ µ systÐ µm Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"n plÐ °cÐ µ wÐ °y Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s donÐ µ cÐ °n Ð °lso bÐ µ thÐ µ kÐ µy fÐ °ctor, systÐ µm Ð µÃ °sy to usÐ µ, rÐ µlÃ'â€"Ð °blÐ µ Ð °nd dÐ µlÃ'â€"vÐ µr whÐ °t thÐ µy promÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ morÐ µ rÐ µ Ð °dÃ'â€"ly Ð °ccÐ µptÐ µd thÐ °t fÐ °ult systÐ µms thÐ °t suffÐ µr or Ð °rÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult usÐ µ. KÐ µy to ovÐ µrcomÃ'â€"ng rÐ µsÃ'â€"stÐ °ncÐ µ cÐ °n bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn Ã'â€"n mÐ µdÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd Ð µstÐ °blÃ'â€"shmÐ µnt of thÐ µ cost-bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"t rÐ °tÃ'â€"o Ã'â€"n usÃ'â€"ng systÐ µm wÃ'â€"ll gÃ'â€"vÐ µ morÐ µ bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts thÐ °n costs. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ most bÐ °sÃ'â€"c rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µmÐ µnts for Ã'â€"ntroductÃ'â€"on of chÐ °ngÐ µ. If you look Ð °t Ã'â€"ntroductÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s not fÃ'â€"rst such systÐ µm cÐ °n bÐ µ compÐ °rÐ µd wÃ'â€"th thÐ µory of whÐ °t should hÐ °vÐ µ hÐ °ppÐ µnÐ µd Ð °nd how, Ð °nd thÐ µn usÐ µd Ð °s thÐ µ bÐ µnchmÐ °rk for sÐ µcond most succÐ µssful Ã'â€"mplÐ µmÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on of Ð °n Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on systÐ µm. (ErÃ'â€"n 2009) CompÐ °ny Ã'â€"n thÃ'â€"s cÐ °sÐ µ study Ã'â€"s CommÐ µrcÃ'â€"Ð °l SÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Group LÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"tÐ µd, thÐ µ compÐ °ny bÐ °sÐ µd Ã'â€"n south coÐ °st of EnglÐ °nd Ã'â€"n EÐ °st SussÐ µx. LÐ °unchÐ µd Ã'â€"n 1999, compÐ °ny spÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °lÃ'â€"zÐ µs Ã'â€"n mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnt of busÃ'â€"nÐ µss consultÐ °nts. EssÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °lly thÐ µ tÐ µlÐ µmÐ °rkÐ µtÃ'â€"ng compÐ °ny stÐ °ff tÐ °kÐ µs prÃ'â€"dÐ µ Ã'â€"n mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng hÃ'â€"gh quÐ °lÃ'â€"ty Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnts wÃ'â€"th CEOs. ChÐ °rgÐ µ of Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnts Ã'â€"s rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µly hÃ'â€"gh by Ã'â€"ndustry stÐ °ndÐ °rds, from 60 pounds Ð µÃ °ch tÃ'â€"mÐ µ thÐ °t spÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °l rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µmÐ µnts spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd by customÐ µrs. MÐ °Ã'â€"n rÐ µsourcÐ µs of thÃ'â€"s compÐ °ny wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð µncÐ µ of tÐ µlÐ µmÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs, not only your skÃ'â€"lls, but lÃ'â€"stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng to collÐ µctÃ'â€"on of Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnts, Ð °nd dÐ °tÐ °bÐ °sÐ µ of compÐ °ny nÐ °mÐ µs Ð °nd phonÐ µ numbÐ µrs wÐ µrÐ µ obtÐ °Ã'â€"nÐ µd, Ð °nd updÐ °tÐ µd for futurÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ., thÐ µ dÐ °tÐ °bÐ °sÐ µ wÐ °s, by nÐ µcÐ µssÃ'â€"ty, bÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ of cost of rÐ µ-usÐ µ. To Ð µnsurÐ µ thÐ °t obsÐ µrvÐ µd to dÐ °tÐ µ should bÐ µ tÐ °kÐ µn of chÐ °ngÐ µs Ð °nd Ð °ny convÐ µrsÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t took plÐ °cÐ µ. CustomÐ µrs who rÐ µquÐ µstÐ µd Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnts wÐ µrÐ µ gÃ'â€"vÐ µn thÐ µ dÐ °Ã'â€"ly rÐ °ngÐ µ of dÐ °tÐ µs Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnts cÐ °n bÐ µ bookÐ µd. OncÐ µ bookÐ µd, thÐ µ confÃ'â€"rmÐ °tÃ'â€"on lÐ µttÐ µr wÃ'â€"ll bÐ µ sÐ µnt out both compÐ °ny hà  °d sÐ °Ã'â€"d yÐ µs to Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð °lso to consultÐ °nt who mÐ °dÐ µ ordÐ µr, thÃ'â€"s would Ã'â€"ncludÐ µ dÐ µtÐ °Ã'â€"ls of Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnt Ð °nd plÐ °cÐ µ Ð °nd notÐ µs on Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnt Ð °nd dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t consultÐ °nt cÐ °n bÐ µ usÐ µful. BÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"s conductÐ µd oncÐ µ thÐ µ month. ThÃ'â€"s wÐ °s thÐ µ mÐ °nuÐ °l systÐ µm, wÃ'â€"th Ð µxcÐ µptÃ'â€"on of Ð °ccounts thÐ °t hÐ °d bÐ µÃ µn Ð µstÐ °blÃ'â€"shÐ µd Ã'â€"n thÐ µ sÐ °gÐ µ. CompÐ °ny wÐ °s Ð °n Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ °l cÐ °ndÃ'â€"dÐ °tÐ µ for usÐ µ of Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on systÐ µm of AIN, to rÐ µducÐ µ pÐ °pÐ µrwork Ð °nd Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ng Ð µffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µncy of compÐ °ny. (EmÃ'â€"ly 2007) FÃ'â€"rst Ð °ttÐ µmpt took plÐ °cÐ µ Ã'â€"n JÐ °nuÐ °ry 2000. As systÐ µm hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd by onÐ µ of dÃ'â€"rÐ µctors of compÐ °ny for thÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt compÐ °ny. ThÃ'â€"s sÐ °tÃ'â€"sfÃ'â€"Ð µd somÐ µ nÐ µÃ µds, but hÐ µ hÐ °d thÐ µ bÐ °sÃ'â€"c flÐ °w, systÐ µm wÐ °s thÐ µ systÐ µm bÐ °sÐ µd on PC Ð °nd on Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs of compÐ °ny usÐ µd to usÐ µ MÐ °c for bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"ng, Ð °nd othÐ µrs wÐ µrÐ µ not usÐ µd to Ð °ny computÐ µrÃ'â€"zÐ µd workÃ'â€"ng outsÃ'â€"dÐ µ of shÐ µÃ µts of pÐ °pÐ µr. dÐ µsÃ'â€"rÐ µ for grÐ µÃ °tÐ µr productÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty mÐ µÃ °ns thÐ °t Ð µxÐ µcutÃ'â€"on wÐ °s rushÐ µd. Of thrÐ µÃ µ dÃ'â€"rÐ µctors, proposÐ µd dÃ'â€"rÐ µctor wÐ °s rÐ µÃ °dy to gÐ µt thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"nstÐ °llÐ µd, sÐ µcond dÃ'â€"d not sÐ µÃ µ thÐ °t systÐ µm wÐ °s Ð °dÐ µquÐ °tÐ µ Ð °nd thÃ'â€"rd mÐ µt fÃ'â€"rst, mÐ °Ã'â€"nly duÐ µ to thÐ µ lÐ °ck of undÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ' â€"ng of systÐ µm Ð °nd thÐ µ rÐ µcognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t thÐ µ systÐ µm wÐ °s nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd. VÃ'â€"Ð µw Ã'â€"s thÐ °t Ð °ny systÐ µm wÐ °s bÐ µttÐ µr thÐ °n nothÃ'â€"ng. StÐ °ff wÐ µrÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to usÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ °s lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ trÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng, Ð °nd systÐ µm fÐ °Ã'â€"lurÐ µs Ð °nd lÐ °ck of undÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng of systÐ µm to crÐ °sh frÐ µquÐ µntly. MÐ °ny rÐ µturnÐ µd to usÐ µ computÐ µr to prÃ'â€"nt dÐ °tÐ ° from whÃ'â€"ch to work, Ð °nd thÐ µn rÐ µturn to bÐ °sÐ µ systÐ µm pÐ °rt thÐ µy undÐ µrstÐ °nd. In spÐ µÃ °kÃ'â€"ng wÃ'â€"th stÐ °ff Ð °t tÃ'â€"mÐ µ fÐ µlt thÐ °t usÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ systÐ µm thÐ °t thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ not surÐ µ thÐ °t Ð µffÐ µct of how Ã'â€"t fÐ µÃ µls Ð °nd sounds whÐ µn tÐ °lkÃ'â€"ng on phonÐ µ Ð °nd dÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"sh thÐ µÃ'â€"r pÐ µrcÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µd profÐ µssÃ'â€"onÐ °lÃ'â€"sm Ã'â€"n turn rÐ µducÐ µs numbÐ µr of Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnts thÐ °t wÐ µrÐ µ mÐ °dÐ µ? ThÃ'â€"s hÐ °s rÐ µsultÐ µd Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n PC, but systÐ µm doÐ µs not supplÐ µmÐ µnt Ð µxÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"ng systÐ µm bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ Ð °n Ð °ddÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"onÐ °l systÐ µm to crÐ µÃ °tÐ µ morÐ µ work thÐ °n work wÐ °s cÐ °rrÃ'â€"Ð µd out mÐ °nuÐ °lly Ð °s bÐ µforÐ µ Ð °nd thÐ µn hÐ °d to bÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrÐ µd on computÐ µr lÐ °tÐ µr. ChÐ °ngÐ µ wÐ °s not sÐ µÃ µn Ð °s nÐ µcÐ µssÐ °ry by workÐ µrs, Ð °nd wÐ °s not fully supportÐ µd by sÐ µnÃ'â€"or mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt, thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ not consultÐ µd, à  µvÐ µn, but chÐ °ngÐ µ wÐ °s forcÐ µd upon thÐ µm, tÐ µllÃ'â€"ng thÐ µm to Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ productÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty. ThÃ'â€"s compÐ °ny wÐ °s not Ð °lonÐ µ, orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l chÐ °ngÐ µs rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd to nÐ µw tÐ µchnologÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd softwÐ °rÐ µ hÐ °s thÐ µ fÐ °Ã'â€"lurÐ µ rÐ °tÐ µ of 20%. Both dÐ µsÃ'â€"gn Ð °nd Ã'â€"mplÐ µmÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on of systÐ µm wÐ µrÐ µ Ð °t fÐ °ult. By Ð °nÐ °lyzÃ'â€"ng wÐ °y Ã'â€"t should bÐ µ thÐ µ systÐ µm lÃ'â€"kÐ µ thÃ'â€"s dÐ µsÃ'â€"gnÐ µd Ð °nd Ã'â€"mplÐ µmÐ µntÐ µd lÐ °rgÐ µ Ð °cquÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons Ð °rÐ µ cross wÃ'â€"th thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"mplÐ µmÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð µxÐ °mplÐ µ shown to Ã'â€"gnorÐ µ mÐ °ny of crÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l succÐ µss fÐ °ctors Ð °nd supports rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µs thÐ °t systÐ µms Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on doÐ µs not Ð °lwÐ °ys crÐ µÃ °tÐ µ Ð µconomÃ'â€"c vÐ °luÐ µ Ð °nd Ã'â€"s not Ð °lwÐ °ys thÐ µ rÐ µgulÐ °tory procÐ µss. (DÐ µnnÃ'â€"s 2009) SystÐ µm dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt must bÐ µ cÐ °rrÃ'â€"Ð µd out by obsÐ µrvÃ'â€"ng currÐ µnt systÐ µm Ð °nd Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"ts Ð µffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µncy, mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng thÐ µm usÐ µr frÃ'â€"Ð µndly for thosÐ µ who wÃ'â€"ll usÐ µ thÐ µm. In dÃ'â€"scussÃ'â€"ng thÐ µorÃ'â€"Ð µs such Ð °s LÐ µwÃ'â€"n, Ð °s wÐ µll Ð °s morÐ µ rÐ µcÐ µnt commÐ µntÐ °tors such Ð °s SÐ µngÐ µ quÐ µstÃ'â€"ons of how chÐ °ngÐ µ occurs cÐ °n bÐ µ sÐ µÃ µn Ð °s onÐ µ thÐ °t rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µs two-wÐ °y communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on, thÃ'â€"s mÐ °y Ð °lso Ã'â€"ncludÐ µ pÐ °rtÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"pÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of Ð °n Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on systÐ µm Ð °s Ã'â€"ncludÃ'â€"ng fÐ °ctors thÐ °t hÐ µlps mÐ °kÐ µ chÐ °ngÐ µ morÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °blÐ µ. In Ð °n Ð °ttÐ µmpt to furthÐ µr dÐ µvÐ µlop cÐ °tÐ µgorÃ'â€"Ð µs of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ð °pproÐ °ch Ð °nd mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs, SÐ µthÃ'â€" Ð °nd KÃ'â€"ng dÐ µvÐ µlop thÐ µ multÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"mÐ µnsÃ'â€"onÐ °l construct cÐ °llÐ µd CompÐ µtÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °dvÐ °ntÐ °gÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÐ µd by Ð °n Ð °pplÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on of InformÐ °tÃ'â€"on TÐ µchnology (pÐ µr cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °). SÐ µvÐ µn dÃ'â€"mÐ µnsÃ'â€"ons Ð °nd mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs 29 Ð °rÐ µ lÃ'â€"stÐ µd Ã'â€"n TÐ °blÐ µ 1. SÐ µthÃ'â€" Ð °nd KÃ'â€"ng sÐ µÃ µm to hÐ °vÐ µ cÐ °pturÐ µd through thÐ µ survÐ µy of 568 compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs Ã'â€"n U.S., thÐ µ fÐ °Ã'â€"rly complÐ µtÐ µ lÃ'â€"st of possÃ'â€"blÐ µ rÐ µÃ °sons for IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts thÐ °t cÐ °n bÐ µ consÃ'â€"dÐ µrÐ µd for dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °. It Ã'â€"s Ð µvÃ'â€"dÐ µnt Ã'â€"n lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °turÐ µ thÐ °t Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µs by Ã'â€"ndustry, busÃ'â€"nÐ µss Ð °nd IT lÐ µvÐ µl (trÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"ons, Ð µtc) Ð °nd bÐ µ clÐ µÃ °rly lÃ'â€"nkÐ µd to busÃ'â€"nÐ µss strÐ °tÐ µgy of busÃ'â€"nÐ µss unÃ'â€"t mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on. OnÐ µ of morÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to Ð µxplÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n IT Ã'â€"nfrÐ °structurÐ µ. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"nfrÐ °structurÐ µ Ã'â€"s foundÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t Ð °llows shÐ °rÃ'â€"ng cÐ °pÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs of Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on tÐ µchnology whÃ'â€"ch dÐ µpÐ µnds on busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. Could Ã'â€"ntÐ µrstÐ °tÐ µ hÃ'â€"ghwÐ °y systÐ µm hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn justÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd wÃ'â€"th lÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"tÐ µd vÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° usÐ µd fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °lly orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n IT? (MÃ'â€"tch 2008) HowÐ µvÐ µr, mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs thÐ °t Ð µxÃ'â€"st CAPITA morÐ µ crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° (for KÐ µpnÐ µr-spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"c fÐ °ctors) Ã'â€"n gÐ °mÐ µ wÃ'â€"th Ð °n Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n IT Ã'â€"n thÐ µ normÐ °l Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt. ThÃ'â€"s Ð °dds complÐ µxÃ'â€"ty to procÐ µss Ð °nd Ã'â€"f crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °rÐ µ lÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"tÐ µd to normÐ °l fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °, clÐ °rÃ'â€"ty of dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s obvÃ'â€"ously dÐ µcrÐ µÃ °sÐ µd. In ordÐ µr to Ð µffÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µly Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÐ µ Ð °ll compÐ µtÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt proposÐ °ls, compÐ °ny must hÐ °vÐ µ clÐ µÃ °r crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °, objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °nd Ð °n objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ procÐ µss to Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÐ µ Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °. In procÐ µss-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd Ð µconomÃ'â€"c hurdlÐ µ rÐ °tÐ µs sÐ µt mÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"mum rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µmÐ µnts for Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt. ThÃ'â€"s usuÐ °lly Ã'â€"nvolvÐ µs cost of cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l. ІnvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ð °rÐ µ rÐ µvÃ'â€"Ð µwÐ µd by Ð °n Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt commÃ'â€"ttÐ µÃ µ or Ð °uthorÃ'â€"ty to Ð °pprovÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µÃ °ch Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÐ µd wÃ'â€"th Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs of compÐ °ny. ThÐ µsÐ µ objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs tÐ µnd to bÐ µ orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd towÐ °rd fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on procÐ µss Ã'â€"s clÐ µÃ °r. InvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n IT, bÐ °rrÃ'â€"Ð µr hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn suggÐ µstÐ µd thÐ °t strÐ µngth of lÃ'â€"nk wÃ'â€"th ovÐ µrÐ °ll busÃ'â€"nÐ µss strÐ °tÐ µgy. SÃ'â€"ncÐ µ thÐ µ consÃ'â€"dÐ µrÐ °blÐ µ numbÐ µr of potÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °l bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"ts of IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s outsÃ'â€"dÐ µ trÐ °dÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"onÐ °l fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs, SÐ µthÃ'â€" Ð °nd KÃ'â€"ng hÐ °vÐ µ suggÐ µstÐ µd thÐ °t Ð °n Ð µxcÐ µllÐ µnt usÐ µ of hÐ µÃ °d Ã'â€"s wÐ µÃ'â€"ghtÐ µd sÐ µlÐ µctÃ'â€"on crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"ng to budgÐ µt Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"Ð µs Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n thÐ µ compÐ °ny. Focus of compÐ °ny dÐ µcÃ'â€"dÐ µs thÐ °t CAPITA mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs would bÐ µ usÐ µd Ð °s sÐ µlÐ µctÃ'â€"on crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd Ð °ll Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n IT would bÐ µ Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÐ µd by thÃ'â€"s sÐ µt of crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °. Thus, lÃ'â€"nkÐ °gÐ µ wÃ'â€"th compÐ °ny s trÐ °tÐ µgy wÃ'â€"ll contÃ'â€"nuÐ µ. End rÐ µsult of thÐ µ good Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on procÐ µss Ã'â€"s thÐ µ bÐ °lÐ °ncÐ µd choÃ'â€"cÐ µ of Ð °n Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ thÐ °t mÐ µÃ µts mÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"mÐ °l rÃ'â€"sk crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °. In sÐ µÃ °rch of lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °turÐ µ, wÐ µ found thÐ °t thÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ mÐ °ny Ð °pproÐ °chÐ µs, mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs of IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt, Ð °s thÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs or Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt opportunÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs. SÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l kÐ µy Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs cÐ °mÐ µ. 1. LÃ'â€"nk wÃ'â€"th ovÐ µrÐ °ll busÃ'â€"nÐ µss strÐ °tÐ µgy should bÐ µ Ð °n Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt drÃ'â€"vÐ µr Ã'â€"n Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on of IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts. 2. THE formÐ °l dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on procÐ µss, Ð °s dÐ µscrÃ'â€"bÐ µd hÐ µrÐ µ, Ã'â€"s Ð µssÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °l Ã'â€"n mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng good Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. 3. EvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °, Ð °nd thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs of succÐ µss Ð °rÐ µ much broÐ °dÐ µr thÐ °n trÐ °dÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"onÐ °l fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs usÐ µd, but crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° dÐ µpÐ µnds on typÐ µ of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n IT (trÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"onÐ °l, strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c Ð °nd Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on) Ð °nd busÃ'â€"nÐ µss objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs. 4. ProcÐ µss Ã'â€"n compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs todÐ °y lÐ °ck Ã'â€"n rÐ µgÐ °rd to bondÃ'â€"ng, rÐ µlÃ'â€"Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty, objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd sÐ µnsÐ µ crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °. (ErÃ'â€"n 2009) THE suggÐ µstÐ µd Ð °pproÐ °ch to Ð °ddrÐ µss thÐ µsÐ µ Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs Ã'â€"s to broÐ °dÐ µn crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° for IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts, lÃ'â€"nk wÃ'â€"th busÃ'â€"nÐ µss objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °nd strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd Ð µstÐ °blÃ'â€"sh thÐ µ formÐ °l Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on procÐ µss. UnÃ'â€"t of Ð °nÐ °lysÃ'â€"s should Ð µxtÐ µnd from bÐ °sÐ µ of projÐ µcts to thÐ µ progrÐ °m or portfolÃ'â€"o bÐ °sÃ'â€"s so thÐ °t ovÐ µrÐ °ll Ð µffÐ µcts of IT cÐ °n bÐ µ rÐ µÃ °lly consÃ'â€"dÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ. DÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt typÐ µs of systÐ µms mÐ °y hÐ °vÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÃ'â€"on crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °. TrÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"onÐ °l systÐ µms should bÐ µ mÐ µÃ °surÐ µd dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µntly thÐ °n Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on systÐ µms Ð °nd outcomÐ µs Ð °nd mÐ µÃ °surÐ µs of succÐ µss Ð °rÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt. StrÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c systÐ µms should bÐ µ closÐ µly lÃ'â€"nkÐ µd to strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c busà 'â€"nÐ µss plÐ °ns Ð °nd Ã'â€"nvolvÐ µ Ã'â€"nstÐ °ncÐ µs of strÐ °tÐ µgÃ'â€"c mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt. CAPITA modÐ µl prÐ µsÐ µnts Ð °n Ð µxcÐ µllÐ µnt stÐ °rtÃ'â€"ng poÃ'â€"nt for dÐ µvÐ µlopÃ'â€"ng crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° lÃ'â€"nkÐ µd to busÃ'â€"nÐ µss strÐ °tÐ µgy. MÐ °Ã'â€"n rÐ µsourcÐ µs of thÃ'â€"s compÐ °ny wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð µncÐ µ of tÐ µlÐ µmÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs, not only your skÃ'â€"lls, but lÃ'â€"stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng to collÐ µctÃ'â€"on of Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnts, Ð °nd dÐ °tÐ °bÐ °sÐ µ of compÐ °ny nÐ °mÐ µs Ð °nd phonÐ µ numbÐ µrs wÐ µrÐ µ obtÐ °Ã'â€"nÐ µd, Ð °nd updÐ °tÐ µd for futurÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ., thÐ µ dÐ °tÐ °bÐ °sÐ µ wÐ °s, by nÐ µcÐ µssÃ'â€"ty, bÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ of cost of rÐ µ-usÐ µ. To Ð µnsurÐ µ thÐ °t obsÐ µrvÐ µd to dÐ °tÐ µ should bÐ µ tÐ °kÐ µn of chÐ °ngÐ µs Ð °nd Ð °ny convÐ µrsÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t took plÐ °cÐ µ. CustomÐ µrs who rÐ µquÐ µstÐ µd Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnts wÐ µrÐ µ gÃ'â€"vÐ µn thÐ µ dÐ °Ã'â€"ly rÐ °ngÐ µ of dÐ °tÐ µs Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnts cÐ °n bÐ µ bookÐ µd. OncÐ µ bookÐ µd, thÐ µ confÃ'â€"rmÐ °tÃ'â€"on lÐ µttÐ µr wÃ'â€"ll bÐ µ sÐ µnt out both compÐ °ny hà  °d sÐ °Ã'â€"d yÐ µs to Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð °lso to consultÐ °nt who mÐ °dÐ µ ordÐ µr, thÃ'â€"s would Ã'â€"ncludÐ µ dÐ µtÐ °Ã'â€"ls of Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnt Ð °nd plÐ °cÐ µ Ð °nd notÐ µs on Ð °ppoÃ'â€"ntmÐ µnt Ð °nd dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t consultÐ °nt cÐ °n bÐ µ usÐ µful. BÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"s conductÐ µd oncÐ µ thÐ µ month. ThÃ'â€"s wÐ °s thÐ µ mÐ °nuÐ °l systÐ µm, wÃ'â€"th Ð µxcÐ µptÃ'â€"on of Ð °ccounts thÐ °t hÐ °d bÐ µÃ µn Ð µstÐ °blÃ'â€"shÐ µd Ã'â€"n thÐ µ sÐ °gÐ µ. CompÐ °ny wÐ °s Ð °n Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ °l cÐ °ndÃ'â€"dÐ °tÐ µ for usÐ µ of Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on systÐ µm of AIN, to rÐ µducÐ µ pÐ °pÐ µrwork Ð °nd Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ng Ð µffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µncy of compÐ °ny. (JÐ °n 2006) FÃ'â€"rst Ð °ttÐ µmpt took plÐ °cÐ µ Ã'â€"n JÐ °nuÐ °ry 2000. As systÐ µm hÐ °s bÐ µÃ µn dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd by onÐ µ of dÃ'â€"rÐ µctors of compÐ °ny for thÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt compÐ °ny. ThÃ'â€"s sÐ °tÃ'â€"sfÃ'â€"Ð µd somÐ µ nÐ µÃ µds, but hÐ µ hÐ °d thÐ µ bÐ °sÃ'â€"c flÐ °w, systÐ µm wÐ °s thÐ µ systÐ µm bÐ °sÐ µd on PC Ð °nd on Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs of compÐ °ny usÐ µd to usÐ µ MÐ °c for bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"ng, Ð °nd othÐ µrs wÐ µrÐ µ not usÐ µd to Ð °ny computÐ µrÃ'â€"zÐ µd workÃ'â€"ng outsÃ'â€"dÐ µ of shÐ µÃ µts of pÐ °pÐ µr. DÐ µsÃ'â€"rÐ µ for grÐ µÃ °tÐ µr productÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty mÐ µÃ °ns thÐ °t Ð µxÐ µcutÃ'â€"on wÐ °s rushÐ µd. Of thrÐ µÃ µ dÃ'â€"rÐ µctors, proposÐ µd dÃ'â€"rÐ µctor wÐ °s rÐ µÃ °dy to gÐ µt thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"nstÐ °llÐ µd, sÐ µcond dÃ'â€"d not sÐ µÃ µ thÐ °t systÐ µm wÐ °s Ð °dÐ µquÐ °tÐ µ Ð °nd thÃ'â€"rd mÐ µt fÃ'â€"rst, mÐ °Ã'â€"nly duÐ µ to thÐ µ lÐ °ck of undÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ' â€"ng of systÐ µm Ð °nd thÐ µ rÐ µcognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t thÐ µ systÐ µm wÐ °s nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd. VÃ'â€"Ð µw Ã'â€"s thÐ °t Ð °ny systÐ µm wÐ °s bÐ µttÐ µr thÐ °n nothÃ'â€"ng. StÐ °ff wÐ µrÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to usÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ °s lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ trÐ °Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"ng, Ð °nd systÐ µm fÐ °Ã'â€"lurÐ µs Ð °nd lÐ °ck of undÐ µrstÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng of systÐ µm to crÐ °sh frÐ µquÐ µntly. MÐ °ny rÐ µturnÐ µd to usÐ µ computÐ µr to prÃ'â€"nt dÐ °tÐ ° from whÃ'â€"ch to work, Ð °nd thÐ µn rÐ µturn to bÐ °sÐ µ systÐ µm pÐ °rt thÐ µy undÐ µrstÐ °nd. It sÐ µÃ µms thÐ °t thÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no bÐ µst wÐ °y to justÃ'â€"fy Ð °n IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt. EÐ °ch IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt must bÐ µ lÃ'â€"nkÐ µd to Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt, objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð °nd lÐ µvÐ µl of rÃ'â€"sk. As stÐ °tÐ µd oftÐ µn dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µ whÐ °t you wÐ °nt to Ð °ccomplÃ'â€"sh Ð °nd how you wÃ'â€"ll mÐ µÃ °surÐ µ succÐ µss Ð °nd Ð µvÐ °luÐ °tÐ µ Ð °ll Ð °ltÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ routÐ µs Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst thÃ'â€"s. DÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"culty comÐ µs Ã'â€"n prÐ µdÃ'â€"ctÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct of tÐ µchnology on pÐ µoplÐ µ pÐ µrformÐ °ncÐ µ, whÃ'â€"ch Ã'â€"s only lÃ'â€"nk thÐ °t hÐ °s Ð °n IT Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt busÃ'â€"nÐ µss rÐ µsults. (BrÃ'â€"Ð °n 2008) ThÃ'â€"s wÃ'â€"ll Ð °lwÐ °ys bÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to prÐ µdÃ'â€"ct Ð °nd mÐ µÃ °surÐ µ from prÐ µdÃ'â€"ctÃ'â€"on of cÐ °usÐ °l lÃ'â€"nks Ã'â€"s unknown Ð °t prÐ µsÐ µnt Ã'â€"mpossÃ'â€"blÐ µ. ChÐ °ngÐ µs brought Ð °bout by IT Ð °rÐ µ nÐ µvÐ µr Ð °s Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt todÐ °y Ð °s Ã'â€"t cÐ °n bÐ µ tomorrow. So, thÃ'â€"s dÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"on of Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on systÐ µms should lÃ'â€"Ð µ wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ compÐ °ny mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µmÐ µnt rÐ °thÐ µr thÐ °n systÐ µm provÃ'â€"dÐ µrs. RÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs Costello, Jan. Atlanta tech community looks to nonprofits. Atlanta Business Chronicle, Atlanta: October 13, 2006. McCormÃ'â€"ck, BrÃ'â€"Ð °n. LÐ µndÃ'â€"ng tÐ µch smÐ °rts to locÐ °l non-profÃ'â€"ts. CrÐ °Ã'â€"ns ChÃ'â€"cÐ °go BusÃ'â€"nÐ µss, OctobÐ µr 9, 2008. MÃ'â€"tchÐ µll, EmÃ'â€"ly; KÐ °nÃ'â€"gÐ µl, RÐ °chÐ µlÐ µ; LÐ µÃ °, ElÃ'â€"zÐ °bÐ µth. GÐ µttÃ'â€"ng BÐ µttÐ µr Ð °t DoÃ'â€"ng Good. TÃ'â€"mÐ µ, FÐ µbruÐ °ry 2, 2007. Murphy, Erin. Non-Profits and other organizations can run iMIS over the internet. PR Newswire, August 3, 2009. Wagner, Mitch. Nonprofits face hurdles. Internetweek United States: September 14, 2008. Young, Dennis. Governing, leading, and managing nonprofit organizations, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009.

Definition and Examples of Editors

Definition and Examples of Editors An editor is an individual who oversees the preparation of a text for newspapers, magazines, scholarly journals, and books. The term editor may also refer to an individual who assists an author in copyediting a text. Editor Chris King describes her work as invisible mending. An editor, she says, is  like a ghost, in that her handiwork should never be apparent (Ghosting and Co-Writing in  The Ultimate Writing Coach, 2010).   Examples and Observations A good editor understands what youre talking and writing about and doesnt meddle too much.(Irwin Shaw)The worst editor of an authors writings is himself.(William Hone)Every writer needs at least one editor; most of us need two.(Donald Murray) Kinds of EditorsThere are many kinds of editors, related but not the same: journal editors; series editors; those who work with newspapers, magazines, films, as well as with books. The two kinds that concern us in scholarly publishing are editors and copyeditors. Unfortunately, the first term is commonly used for both, the causeor rather the resultof a confusion in thinking. . . .To define and oversimplify . . . the editors mind sees the entire manuscript, grasps the thinking behind it, clear or not clear, is trained to judge its intellectual quality and relation to other work, can spot a chapter or a section or even a paragraph that has gone awry, and can tell the author where to fix it and sometimes how. But this kind of mind is often impatient with lesser matters, does not relish the painstaking, and often painful, work of detailed correction.(August Frugà ©, A Skeptic Among Scholars. University of California Press, 1993) A Sense of HierarchyEditors need a hierarchical sense of a manuscript, a book, or article. They need to see its structure, its totality, before they become involved in minutiae. A writer should be on the alert when an editor starts by fixing commas or suggesting little cuts when the real problem resides at the level of organization or strategy or point of view. Most problems in writing are structural, even on the scale of the page. . . .A sense of hierarchy is all the more necessary in editing because writers, too, want to concentrate on the little things. . . . To take your pencil to a manuscript is to endorse it, to say it just needs some fixes, when in fact it is just as likely to need rethinking altogether. I want to say and sometimes do say, Well, lets see if its ready to be marked up.(Richard Todd in Good Prose: The Art of Nonfiction by Tracy Kidder and Richard Todd (Random House, 2013) Roles of an EditorEditors in publishing houses can be perceived as basically performing three different roles, all of them simultaneously. First, they must find and select the books the house is to publish. Second, they edit . . .. And third, they perform the Janus-like function of representing the house to the author and the author to the house.(Alan D. Williams, What Is an Editor? Editors on Editing, ed. by Gerald Gross. Grove, 1993) An Editors LimitsA writers best work comes entirely from himself. The [editing] process is so simple. If you have a Mark Twain, dont try to make him into a Shakespeare or make a Shakespeare into a Mark Twain. Because in the end an editor can get only as much out of an author as the author has in him.(Maxwell Perkins, quoted by A. Scott Berg in Max Perkins: Editor of Genius. Riverhead, 1978) Heywood Broun on the Editorial MindThe editorial mind, so called, is afflicted with the King Cole complex. Types subject to this delusion are apt to believe that all they need do to get a thing is to call for it. You may remember that King Cole called for his bowl just as if there were no such thing as a Volstead amendment. What we want is humor, says an editor, and he expects the unfortunate author to trot around the corner and come back with a quart of quips.An editor would classify What we want is humor as a piece of cooperation on his part. It seems to him a perfect division of labor. After all, nothing remains for the author to do except to write.(Heywood Broun, Are Editors People? Pieces of Hate and Other Enthusiasms. Charles H. Doran, 1922)

Rises of Interest Rate is Affecting the Housing Affordability Essay

Rises of Interest Rate is Affecting the Housing Affordability - Essay Example As the interest rates rise, the mortgage payments amounts also escalate. This poses as an unfavourable situation for the homebuyers, and causes a decline in the housing affordability. Empirical evidence suggests that this has been the case in the years whenever the interest rates rose. When such is the situation, the homebuyers can be offered such financial products by the banking sector that they can conveniently make the home buying decision, thus supporting the housing affordability. The huge majority of Australians desire to own a home and housing assets form the leading fraction of wealth for a good number of Australians. Australian house prices have been mounting discordantly in recent times. This price growth has been well in surplus of average weekly earnings growth over the same period, and as such the ratio of house prices to average earnings is now soaring. The Australian property market is basically comprised of many markets of separate sectors and geographical locations. This is the fact that must be considered as many various forces may contribute in shifting prices in separate markets, and the overall Australian property market's price gains or falls may disguise the actual micro market price shifts. Residential housing is determined by two markedly separate sources of demand; owner-occupiers and owner-investors. Both sources of demand are determined by diverse (but connected) aspects and the payback that accrues to the owner can take a collection of shapes depending on their standing. Payback can be the accredited rent that owner-occupiers get hold of by living in a house, or it can be the takings resulting from renting out an investment property or it can be (in both cases) the capital gain that is realised upon selling of the hothirty percent of income. The level of nominal interest rates and their rate of change are major determinants of the demand for home finance, along with levels of consumer confidence. (http://www.dhw.wa.gov.au/housingstrategywa/hswa_finance.pdf) Affordability of access and servicing of payments becomes an increasing issue as interest rates rise. Any rise in interest rates is probable to upset borrowers with diminutive equity and make it further difficult for would-be first homebuyers. Simply speaking, housing finance is the system of money and credit that works to offer housing affordability. In that sense, it is quite similar to finance for any other shape of investment. The established level of interest rate also affects the demand for and supply of home finance. The customary economic conditions very much affect the interest rates, over which the housing sector has very little control. Research Questions Aims and Purpose This research paper will aim to provide an insight to the effect of a rise in interest rates on the housing affordability of Australia. The close link of these two aspects, that is the interest rate levels and the housing affordability will be proved and the various other driving forces will be identified. The historical data and figures will be used to establish the empirical trend. In addition, why such a link exists and what are the reasons that the housing affordability is connected to the prevailing levels of interest rates will be illustrated in this paper. Objectives This

ASSIGNMENT 1-POLSC 440 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ASSIGNMENT 1-POLSC 440 - Essay Example The constituent states of Yugoslavia on the other hand were determined to ensure that they pursued their own nationalist agenda through the acquisition of complete independence from Belgrade. Many of the individuals in these states felt that they were marginalized in the Serb dominated Yugoslavia and wanted to ensure that their own interests were protected and to achieve this, they all wished to have their own independence. The war which developed as a result, especially after the coming to power of Slobodan Milosevic as the Yugoslav president, was extremely complex with many of those involved included the members of various ethnic groups either making alliances or fighting against each other to ensure that they achieved their aims and objectives, however obscure they were. When these wars finally came to an end in the late 1990s, they left the successor states of Yugoslavia in dire economic hardships from which it took them years to recover. There is wide agreement, however, that th e cause of the Yugoslav war was as a result of the development of Serbian nationalism in a state which was ethnically diverse hence the wars of self-determination that resulted. One would suggest that it was the Serbian religious mythology, extreme nationalism, and racist theories which contributed to the occurrence of the war in Yugoslavia. ... The Serbians were the dominant people within the Yugoslav federation and if this state were to collapse, then they would be the biggest losers since their influence over the other ethnic groups in the federation. After Slobodan Milosevic became the Serb leader and by default the leader of the Yugoslav federation in 1987 after a difficult struggle against more powerful member of his party, he encouraged Serb nationalism not only in Serbia but also in the other states in which large Serb communities lived (Vladisavljevic 183). When Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 these three states came to be recognized at the international level and this did not sit well with the government in Belgrade. In the same year as these states declared their independence, there followed fierce fighting between the mainly Serb Yugoslavian army and Croatia in Belgrade’s attempt to hang on to some of the territories in Croatia and when this was not successful , it turned its attention to territory in Bosnia. A sign of the escalation of war took place in 1992 when the Serb army started shelling the National Library of Bosnia-Herzegovina in Sarajevo and in the process, over a million books, more than a hundred thousand manuscripts and rare books, and centuries of historical records were destroyed. Many historians who have studied this period consider this move to have been a systematic campaign of cultural eradication. In one of the events that took place during the war, Serb troops and paramilitary units descended on the town of Srebrenica in Bosnia and began shelling it besieging civilians within it. The United Nations peacekeeping mission in the town which consisted of French

The Treaty of Versailles to the rise of Nazism in Germany Research Paper

The Treaty of Versailles to the rise of Nazism in Germany - Research Paper Example The allies crafting the treaty at the Paris Peace Conference were more interested in punishing Germany than securing long lasting peace. Ironically, the Treaty of Versailles was intended to make sure Germany was rendered too weak to wage war but due to its restrictive nature served to enrage and embolden factions within the beaten nation which fanned the flames of an emerging fanaticism. Germany not only lost massive amounts of land, economic sanctions caused severe hardships to a people trying to recover from the devastation of war. The worldwide depression in the 1930’s worsened the already desperate situation. In addition, German’s greatly resented foreign troops occupying parts of their country. The German government was weakened as a consequence of the ill conceived Treaty of Versailles which allowed for a fanatical form of fascism led by Adolph Hitler to flourish in Germany following World War I. (Henig, 2010). These issues, which were instigated by the Treaty of Versailles, caused Germany to again become aggressive against its neighboring countries which started WWII. The Treaty of Versailles was designed specifically to weaken Germany in many vital areas. Large sections of German territory were taken away and given to surrounding countries. France and Poland especially received lands that had been important to the Germany economy. Germany also lost all of its worldwide outposts to various allied nations. The new country of Austria was carved from previously held German lands as was the former Czechoslovakia, now called the Czech Republic. The allies were given all of Germany’s mercantile marine ships, another severe blow to the German economy. On top of that, the Treaty required Germany to construct civilian and war ships for selected Allied countries. The Treaty also placed stringent restrictions on the Germany’s capacity to defend itself or to wage war. Germany was not permitted to possess heavy guns, tanks, armored cars, u -boats, Zepplins or airplanes, no air force of any type was allowed. The defeated nation could keep no more than one hundred thousand troops in its army and fifteen thousand sailors in its navy. Germany was forbidden by the Treaty to import materials used for war and was made to pay steep reparations to the Allied nations as well as to the territories it ceded. All types of valuables were seized to make these payments such as precious metals, building materials, vehicles and ships. On top of that cash payments were mandated on an annual basis for years to come. The Treaty also greatly diluted Germany’s transportation system. It gave control of Germany’s railroads to Poland and placed Germany’s river system, an important transportation artery at that time, under foreign management. Poland also gained free use of Germany’s northern ports. (Bell, 1986) Though the Treaty of Versailles accomplished its intended purpose by crippling Germany’s military an d economy ensuring it too weak to wage war, this tactic caused the next great world war just 20 years later. The Allied delegation in Paris assumed they had been successful in both ending the â€Å"war to end all wars† and preventing Germany from ever again waging war against its neighbors in Europe. They were tragically mistaken. The Treaty contained strong language but weak enforcement characteristics. Many military and political leaders understood this from its inception and predicted the horrific consequences. The Treaty was â€Å"the peace to end peace†

Assessment and decision making regarding depresion in dementia Assignment

Assessment and decision making regarding depresion in dementia - Assignment Example Among the signs and symptoms of dementia are despaired cognitive capabilities in memory, language, depression and poor problem-solving attention (Wang et al., 2007). The depressive nature of dementia makes it a rather delicate condition, requiring medical practitioners such as psychotherapists and physicians to make certain critical decisions regarding its management and treatment (Weiner et al., 2007). Consequently, guidelines for the evaluation of and decision-making on depression in dementia patients have since been developed. It is the prevalence, the depressive nature of dementia and its increased importance as a psychological concern in the health industry that has prompted stakeholders in psychology to establish certain guidelines for dementia evaluation and decision-making by psychotherapists (Hasegawa et al., 2005). An important aspect of these guidelines is that they conform to the ethical principles and codes of conduct most of the world’s psychological professions and associations such as the American Psychological Association. Decision-making by health care professionals while attending to depressed dementia patients is one of the core areas targeted by the guidelines. In this regard, professional conduct and endeavors by psychotherapists while making decisions on dementia treatment have been emphasized in most of the guidelines (McKellar & Gauthier, 2005). These guidelines on decision-making and engagement with dementia patients are particularly important given the role psychotherapists play in evaluating the memory changes and complaints that are characteristic of dementia (Stanley, 2008). However, the fact that most of the reduced cognitive performances occur in older people does not imply that the performance lapses are more pathological than they are physiological (Fago 2011). Instead, the decreased cognitive performances are directly proportional to the decrease in older peoples’ physiological functions (Wakisaka et al., 2003). Fortunately, psychologists are trained and equipped with skills in decision-making on dementia, supported by specialized neuropsychological tests that evaluate lapses and changes in dementia patients’ cognitive functioning (Barker, 2003). The main objective of the decision-making guidelines, however, remains the identification and specification of the most appropriate cautions, concerns and course of action for all clinicians. While engaging in decision-making on dementia treatment, psychotherapists are also advised to employ their expertise, uphold ethical values and consider patient choices and frames of mind/thought (Anthea & McCabe, 2006). In addition, various decision-making approaches such as categorical and probabilistic reasoning should be applied by psychotherapists when handling dementia patients. This paper thus explores the expertise, values, choices, probabilistic judgment and ethical engagement in decision-making for caring for depressed dementia patients. Decis ion-Making in Dementia Management Recent times have realized the replacement of the hitherto applied traditional approach of basing all medical decision-making processes on professional paternalism with more viable decision-making methods (Monahan, 2000). In the contemporary medical profession, most decisions made regarding the management of depression in dementia patie

Demand and price elasticity of demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Demand and price elasticity of demand - Essay Example In the case of Bordeaux, the consumers had proposed a low wine price. This implies that reducing the price of the wine will make the commodity be more affordable to the consumers (Sheffrin, B. 2003). This would increase the demand of the product thus increasing its supply. Increase in the supply of Bordeaux wine would increase the number of sales. Price elasticity of a commodities demand involves a measure that is used in economies in showing the elasticity responsiveness of the quantity of the product that is demanded towards a change in the product’s price. In this respect, it provides the percentage change of the quantity of the product that is demanded to follow a response to a change in the price. Price elasticity can be considered to be negative despite the fact that analysis would always ignore the negative sign leading to ambiguity (Peters, K. 2006). A positive price elasticity of demand occurs in a case where the products do not satisfy the law of demand. In this resp ect, the demand of the wine would be said to be inelastic when the price elasticity of demand (PED) is below one. This implies that the price changes have a significantly smaller effect on the amount of wine that is demanded. On the other hand, the demand of Bordeaux wine would be said to be elastic whenever the price elasticity of is more than one. This means that the changes in the commodities price would greatly influence the amount of the wine that is demanded. In the case of Bordeaux wine, the demand of the product could be said to be elastic. This is so because the demand of this wine is strongly affected by changes in price. Therefore, increasing the price of the product would reduce the demand of the product where as reducing the price of the product would have an effect of increasing demand of the product (Knugman, R. 2005). It is for this reason that the merchants who were contacted through The Times argue that they could only accept the wine when the price of the wine is reduced to about ?95 in 2008 for the best brands compared with the ?318 in 2007 vintage (Sage, A. & Pavia, W. 2009). These investors argue out that when the price of wine is higher than the proposed one, there would be no customers. This is a clear indication that the demand of Bordeaux wine was elastic. Part B. The amount of the wine demanded is normally a strong component of its price. A case study done to find out the quantity of the wine demanded at various price levels with all the other factors kept constant, would result into the table 1. Table 1. Demand schedule. year price Average price quantity 2002 95 95 170 133 700 2003 192 192 253 223 500 2004 141 145 190 159 600 2005 472 480 622 523 300 2006 450 450 622 536 200 2007 318 318 466 392 400 Graph 1. The graph represents the quantity of the wine that is demanded as the variable that is Independent (x-axis) and the price as the variable that is dependent (y-axis). According to the law of demand the quantity of the product tha t is demanded will always move towards the opposite price direction. This is observed in the graph above through the downward demand curve slope. When one moves along the curve, a change in the price of the wine would result into a change in the quantity that is demanded. Whenever there exists a change in the influencing factor besides price there could be a shift in the demand curve either towards the right or the left,

The influence of women's wear on American fashion and design Research Paper

The influence of women's wear on American fashion and design - Research Paper Example Donna Karan and her influence- Donna Karan’s influence was especially manifested in the sportswear designs, which came to prominence in the American fashion and design industry during the latter years of the 20th century. Other women’s wear influencers - These include Claire McCardell, Bonnie Cashen, Tina Lesser, Clare Potter, Tina Lesser as well as Emily Wilkins. These women and others are explored and the role they played in setting free the American fashion design from the strongholds of the Parisian design, with a new standards of designs, for example corsets and new girdle designs. Women’s wear has dominated the American fashion and design for a long time, and the influence they have is an important subject that designers should embrace and understand well. The American fashion industry is awash with big names from Clare McCardell to Donna Karan, among others, iconic fashion designers who have left a big mark to the industry in not just the American but also the International sphere. The following paper is an assessment of ways through which women’s wear has influenced American fashion and design. The paper will explore the following three influencing factors. Firstly, the works of Claire McCardell and their influence to the American fashion and design industry are explored. The influential work of Donna Karan is also examined. The other influences examined in detail are the influences of various women’s wear during the 1920s and the 1930s, a period when the works of big names at this time made an indelible mark to the American fashion ind ustry as well. The influence of Claire McCardell to the American fashion and design is immense. Together with other women, for example Elizabeth Hawkes, Vera Maxell and Bonnie Cashin, McCardell is recognized as one of the major icons of American fashion. Claire McCardell was a rising star during the 1930s, and Buxbaum writes of her influence

Demand and price elasticity of demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Demand and price elasticity of demand - Essay Example In the case of Bordeaux, the consumers had proposed a low wine price. This implies that reducing the price of the wine will make the commodity be more affordable to the consumers (Sheffrin, B. 2003). This would increase the demand of the product thus increasing its supply. Increase in the supply of Bordeaux wine would increase the number of sales. Price elasticity of a commodities demand involves a measure that is used in economies in showing the elasticity responsiveness of the quantity of the product that is demanded towards a change in the product’s price. In this respect, it provides the percentage change of the quantity of the product that is demanded to follow a response to a change in the price. Price elasticity can be considered to be negative despite the fact that analysis would always ignore the negative sign leading to ambiguity (Peters, K. 2006). A positive price elasticity of demand occurs in a case where the products do not satisfy the law of demand. In this resp ect, the demand of the wine would be said to be inelastic when the price elasticity of demand (PED) is below one. This implies that the price changes have a significantly smaller effect on the amount of wine that is demanded. On the other hand, the demand of Bordeaux wine would be said to be elastic whenever the price elasticity of is more than one. This means that the changes in the commodities price would greatly influence the amount of the wine that is demanded. In the case of Bordeaux wine, the demand of the product could be said to be elastic. This is so because the demand of this wine is strongly affected by changes in price. Therefore, increasing the price of the product would reduce the demand of the product where as reducing the price of the product would have an effect of increasing demand of the product (Knugman, R. 2005). It is for this reason that the merchants who were contacted through The Times argue that they could only accept the wine when the price of the wine is reduced to about ?95 in 2008 for the best brands compared with the ?318 in 2007 vintage (Sage, A. & Pavia, W. 2009). These investors argue out that when the price of wine is higher than the proposed one, there would be no customers. This is a clear indication that the demand of Bordeaux wine was elastic. Part B. The amount of the wine demanded is normally a strong component of its price. A case study done to find out the quantity of the wine demanded at various price levels with all the other factors kept constant, would result into the table 1. Table 1. Demand schedule. year price Average price quantity 2002 95 95 170 133 700 2003 192 192 253 223 500 2004 141 145 190 159 600 2005 472 480 622 523 300 2006 450 450 622 536 200 2007 318 318 466 392 400 Graph 1. The graph represents the quantity of the wine that is demanded as the variable that is Independent (x-axis) and the price as the variable that is dependent (y-axis). According to the law of demand the quantity of the product tha t is demanded will always move towards the opposite price direction. This is observed in the graph above through the downward demand curve slope. When one moves along the curve, a change in the price of the wine would result into a change in the quantity that is demanded. Whenever there exists a change in the influencing factor besides price there could be a shift in the demand curve either towards the right or the left,